Combination of elafibranor or derivatives thereof with an anti-nash, anti-fibrotic or anti-cholestatic agent

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a combination product and its use in therapy.

The present invention relates to a combination therapy for the treatmentof inflammatory, metabolic, fibrotic and cholestatic diseases.

1-[4-methylthiophenyl]-3-[3,5-dimethyl-4-carboxydimethylmethyloxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one(Elafibranor, or ELA, formely named GFT505), disclosed in WO2004005233,possesses properties which can be advantageous for the treatment of anumber of gastroenterology and liver diseases, in particular cholestaticdiseases such as PBC (primary biliary cholangitic) and PSC (primarysclerosing cholangitis), or liver diseases, in particular non-alcoolicfatty liver diseases (NAFLD) such as non-alcoolic steatoHepatitic(NASH).

Elafibranor has been tested for clinical efficacy in NASH in a 1-yearliver biopsy-based Phase 2b trial (GFT505-212-7), one of the largestinterventional studies ever conducted in NASH. Administered to over 800patients and healthy volunteers to date, elafibranor has demonstratedbeneficial properties for NASH, including in particular: improvement ofmarkers of liver dysfunction, including ALAT, ASAT, yGT, ALP;improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis; favorableeffects on plasma lipids, including decrease of plasma triglycerides andLDL-C, and increase of HDL-C levels; anti-inflammatory properties;efficacy on histological NASH parameters (steatosis, inflammation,fibrosis) in animal disease models and anti-fibrotic activities. Theabsence of safety concern has been confirmed in a full toxicologicalpackage up to 2-year carcinogenicity studies. Elafibranor is currentlybeing evaluated in a clinical phase 3 study for the treatment of NASH.Evaluation of this molecule for the treatment of PBC in a clinical phase2 study is also planned.

In view of its excellent therapeutic and pharmacological profile,elafibranor is a very promising molecule that could potentially be usedin combined pharmacological approaches to target parallel orcomplementary key pathways involved in a high number of inflammatory,metabolic, fibrotic and cholestatic diseases.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to a combination product comprising:

-   -   (i) a PPAR agonist, in particular a compound of formula (I), or        a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

-   -   in which:    -   Y1 represents a halogen, a Ra, or Ga—Ra group;    -   A represents a CH═CH or a CH2-CH2 group;    -   Y2 represents a Gb-Rb group;    -   Ga and Gb, identical or different, represent an atom of oxygen        or sulfur    -   Ra represents a hydrogen atom, an unsubstituted (C1-C6)alkyl        group, a (C6-C14)aryl group or a (C1-C6)alkyl group that is        substituted by one or more halogen atoms, a (C1-C6)alkoxy or a        (C1-C6)alkylthio group, (C3-C14)cycloalkyl groups,        (C3-C14)cycloalkylthio groups or heterocyclic groups;    -   Rb represents a (C1-C6)alkyl group substituted by at least a        —COORc group, wherein    -   Rc represents a hydrogen atom, or a (C1-C6)alkyl group that is        substituted or not by one or more halogen atoms,        (C3-C14)cycloalkyl groups, or heterocyclic groups; and Y4 and        Y5, identical or different, representing a (C1-C6)alkyl group        that is substituted or not by one or more halogen atoms,        (C3-C14)cycloalkyl groups or heterocyclic groups.    -   and    -   (ii) an anti-NASH, anti-fibrotic or anti-cholestatic agent.

In a particular embodiment of the compound of formula (I):

-   -   Y1 represents a halogen, a Ra, or a Ga—Ra group;    -   A represents a CH═CH group;    -   Y2 represents a Gb-Rb group;    -   Ga and Gb, identical or different, represent an atom of oxygen        or sulfur    -   Ra represents a (C1-C6)alkyl or (C3-C14)cycloalkyl group, in        particular a (C1-C6)alkyl or (C3-C14)cycloalkyl group        substituted or not by one or more halogen atoms;    -   Rb represents a (C1-C6)alkyl group substituted by a —COOR3        group, wherein Rc represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group        having from one to four carbon atoms; and    -   Y4 and Y5 independently represent a (C1-C4)alkyl group.

In a particular embodiment of the compound of formula (I):

-   -   Y1 represents a Ra or Ga—Ra group;    -   A represents a CH2-CH2 group;    -   Y2 represents a Gb-Rb group;    -   Ga represents an atom of oxygen or sulfur and Gb represents an        atom of oxygen;    -   Ra represents a (C1-C6)alkyl or (C3-C14)cycloalkyl group;    -   Rb represents a (C1-C6)alkyl group substituted by at least a        —COORc group, wherein Rc represents a hydrogen atom or        (C1-C4)alkyl group; and    -   Y4 and Y5 independently represent a (C1-C4)alkyl group.

In a particular embodiment of the compound of formula (I):

-   -   Y1 represents a halogen atom or a Ra or Ga—Ra group;    -   A represents a CH2-CH2 group;    -   Y2 represents a Gb-Rb group;    -   Ga represents an atom of oxygen or sulfur and Gb represents an        atom of oxygen;    -   Ra represents a (C1-C6)alkyl or (C3-C14)cycloalkyl group that is        substituted by one or more halogen atoms;    -   Rb represents a (C1-C6)alkyl group substituted or not by one or        more halogen atoms and substituted by at least a —COORc group,        wherein Rc represents a hydrogen atom or a (C1-C4)alkyl group;        and    -   Y4 and Y5 represent a (C1-C4)alkyl group.

In a particular embodiment of the compound of formula (I), Gb is anoxygen atom and Rb is (C1-C6)alkyl group substituted by a —COORc group,wherein Rc represents a hydrogen atom or an unsubstituted linear orbranched (C1-C4)alkyl group.

In a particular embodiment of the compound of formula (I), Y1 is a(C1-C6)alkylthio group that comprises a (C1-C6)alkyl group that islinear or branched that is substituted or not by one or more halogenatoms.

In a particular embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is selected inthe group consisting of1-[4-methylthiophenyl]-3-[3,5-dimethyl-4-carboxydimethylmethyloxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one (Elafibranor or GFT505),1-[4-methylthiophenyl]-3-[3,5-dimethyl-4-isopropyloxycarbonyldimethylmethyloxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one,1-[4-methylthiophenyl]-3-[3,5-dimethyl-4-tertbutyloxycarbonyldimethylmethyloxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one,1-[4-trifluoromethylphenyl]-3-[3,5-dimethyl-4-tertbutyloxycarbonyldimethylmethyloxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one,1-[4-trifluoromethylphenyl]-3-[3,5-dimethyl-4-carboxydimethylmethyloxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one,1-[4-trifluoromethyloxyphenyl]-3-[3,5-dimethyl-4-tertbutyloxycarbonyldimethylmethyloxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one,1-[4-trifluoromethyloxyphenyl]-3-[3,5-dimethyl-4-carboxydimethylmethyloxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one,2-[2,6-dimethyl-4-[3-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-3-oxo-propyl]phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoicacid, and 2-[2,6-dimethyl-4-[3-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-3-oxo-propyl]phenoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid isopropyl ester.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, component (ii) is ananti-NASH agent. Illustrative, non-limiting, anti-NASH agents useful inthe practice of the present invention include:

-   -   Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors;    -   Adenosine A3 receptor agonists;    -   Aldosterone antagonists and Mineralocorticoid antagonists    -   AMP activated protein kinase stimulator    -   Amylin receptor agonist and Calcitonin receptor agonists;    -   Angiopoietin-related protein-3 inhibitors    -   Anti-LPS antibodies;    -   Apical sodium-codependent bile acid transporter inhibitors;    -   Betaine anhydrous or RM-003;    -   bioactive lipids;    -   Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists;    -   Dual cannabinoid CB1 receptor/iNOS inhibitor    -   Caspase inhibitors;    -   Cathepsin inhibitors;    -   CCR antagonists;    -   CCR3 chemokine modulators and eotaxin 2 ligand inhibitors    -   Diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase (DGAT) inhibitors    -   Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors;    -   Insulin ligand and insulin receptor agonists;    -   Insulin sensitizer and MCH receptor-1 antagonist    -   NOX (NADPH oxidase) inhibitors, such as dual NOX 1 and 4        inhibitors;    -   Extracellular matrix protein modulators;    -   Stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors/fatty acid bile acid        conjugates (FABAC);    -   Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) Inhibitors    -   Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF-19) receptor ligands, such as        Recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF-19) protein, or        functional engineered variant of the FGF-19 protein;    -   Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) receptor ligands such as        Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) protein, or functional        engineered variant of the FGF-21 protein;    -   Famesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists;    -   Galectin 3 inhibitors;    -   Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs and GLP-1 receptor        agonists;    -   G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) modulators;    -   G-protein coupled receptor 84 antagonist, connective tissue        growth factor ligand inhibitor and Free fatty acid receptor 1        agonists,    -   Hedgehog cell-signalling pathway inhibitors    -   Integrin inhibitors;    -   ketohexokinase inhibitorsLeukotriene (LT)/Phosphodiesterase        (PDE)/Lipoxygenase (LO) inhibitors;    -   Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 inhibitors (LOXL2 inhibitors);    -   Macrolides;    -   Methyl CpG binding protein 2 modulator and Transglutaminase        inhibitors;    -   miRNA antagonists,    -   Mitochondrial carrier family inhibitor and Mitochondrial        phosphate carrier protein inhibitor    -   Monoclonal antibodies;    -   Myeloperoxidase inhibitors;    -   mTOR modulators;    -   NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin stimulator; PDE 5 inhibitor    -   Nicotinic Acid Receptor (GPR109) Agonists    -   nuclear receptor ligands;    -   P2Y13 protein agonists;    -   Phenylalanine hydroxylase stimulators;    -   Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 antagonists;    -   Protein kinase modulators;    -   PPAR alpha agonists;    -   PPAR gamma agonists;    -   PPAR delta agonists;    -   PPARalpha/gamma agonists;    -   PPARalpha/delta agonists;    -   PPAR gamma/delta;    -   PPAR alpha/gamma/delta agonists or PPAR pan-agonists;    -   Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) inhibitors;    -   Sodium-GLucose Transport (SGLT) 1 inhibitors;    -   Sodium-glucose transport (SGLT) 2 inhibitors;    -   Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors;    -   signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitors;    -   thyroid receptor β (THR β) agonists;    -   Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR-2) antagonists;    -   Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) antagonists;    -   Type I natural killer T cells inhibitors;    -   Tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) modulators;    -   Urate anion exchanger 1 inhibitors and Xanthine oxidase        inhibitors;    -   Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) inhibitors and    -   Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists.

In a further particular embodiment of the invention, component (ii) isan anti-NASH agent.

in a particular embodiment, the anti-NASH agent is selected from:

-   -   Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors;    -   Anti-LPS antibodies;    -   Apical sodium-codependent bile acid transporter inhibitors;    -   bioactive lipids;    -   Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists;    -   Dual cannabinoid CB1 receptor/iNOS inhibitor    -   Caspase inhibitors;    -   Cathepsin inhibitors;    -   CCR antagonists;    -   Diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase (DGAT) inhibitors    -   Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors;    -   NOX (NADPH oxidase) inhibitors, such as dual NOX 1 and 4        inhibitors;    -   Extracellular matrix protein modulators;    -   Stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors/fatty acid bile acid        conjugates (FABAC);    -   Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF-19) receptor ligands, such as        Recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF-19) protein, or        functional engineered variant of the FGF-19 protein; -Fibroblast        Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) receptor ligands such as Fibroblast        Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) protein, or functional engineered        variant of the FGF-21 protein;    -   Famesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists;    -   Galectin 3 inhibitors;    -   Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs;    -   G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) modulators;    -   Integrin inhibitors;    -   Leukotriene (LT)/Phosphodiesterase (PDE)/Lipoxygenase (LO)        inhibitors;    -   Macrolides;    -   miRNA antagonists,    -   Monoclonal antibodies;    -   mTOR modulators;    -   nuclear receptor ligands;    -   P2Y13 protein agonists;    -   Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 antagonists;    -   Protein kinase modulators;    -   PPAR alpha agonists;    -   PPAR gamma agonists;    -   PPAR delta agonists;    -   PPARalpha/gamma agonists;    -   PPARalpha/delta agonists;    -   PPAR gamma/delta;    -   PPAR alpha/gamma/delta agonists or PPAR pan-agonists;    -   Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) inhibitors;    -   Sodium-glucose transport (SGLT) 2 inhibitors;    -   signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitors;    -   thyroid receptor β (THR β) agonists;    -   Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) antagonists;    -   Tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) modulators;    -   Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) inhibitors; and    -   Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists.

Other anti-NASH agents include KB-GE-001 and NGM-386 and NGM-395, NC-10,and TCM-606F. Further anti-NASH agents include icosabutate, NC-101,NAIA-101 colesevelam, and PRC-4016.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, component (ii) is ananti-fibrotic agent. Illustrative, non-limiting, anti-fibrotic agentsuseful in the practice of the present invention include:

-   -   Adenosine A3 receptor agonists    -   Angiotensin II receptor blockers    -   antisense oligonucleotides targeting transforming growth factor        beta 2 (TGF-02);    -   Bioactive lipids;    -   Caspase inhibitors;    -   Cannabinoid CB2 receptor mimetics;    -   Dual Famesoid X receptor (FXR)/TGR5 agonists;    -   NOX (NADPH oxidase) inhibitors, such as dual NOX 1 and 4        inhibitors;    -   Galectin 3 inhibitors;    -   Hedgehog cell-signalling pathway inhibitors    -   Immunomodulators;    -   Integrin inhibitors;    -   Macrophage mannose receptor modulators;    -   Metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) stimulators;    -   Monoclonal antibodies;    -   NF-kappa B inhibitors;    -   Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)    -   PDGFR modulators;    -   PPAR alpha agonists;    -   PPAR gamma agonists;    -   PPAR delta agonists;    -   PPARalpha/gamma agonists;    -   PPARalpha/delta agonists;    -   PPAR gamma/delta; and    -   PPAR alpha/gamma/delta agonists or PPAR pan-agonists.

In a further particular embodiment the anti-fibrotic agent is selectedin the group consisting of:

-   -   antisense oligonucleotides targeting transforming growth factor        beta 2 (TGF-β2);    -   Bioactive lipids;    -   Caspase inhibitors;    -   Cannabinoid CB2 receptor mimetics;    -   Dual Famesoid X receptor (FXR)/TGR5 agonists;    -   NOX (NADPH oxidase) inhibitors, such as dual NOX 1 and 4        inhibitors;    -   Galectin 3 inhibitors;    -   Immunomodulators;    -   Integrin inhibitors;    -   Macrophage mannose receptor modulators;    -   Metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) stimulators;    -   Monoclonal antibodies;    -   NF-kappa B inhibitors;    -   Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)    -   PDGFR modulators;    -   PPAR alpha agonists;    -   PPAR gamma agonists;    -   PPAR delta agonists;    -   PPARalpha/gamma agonists;    -   PPARalpha/delta agonists;    -   PPAR gamma/delta; and    -   PPAR alpha/gamma/delta agonists or PPAR pan-agonists.

Other anti-fibrotic agents include HEC-585, INV-240, RNAi therapeutic(Silence Therapeutics) and SAMiRNA program (Bioneer Corp).

Other illustrative antifibrotic agents include pirfenidone or receptortyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) such as Nintedanib, Sorafenib andother RTKIs, or angiotensin II (AT1) receptor blockers, or CTGFinhibitor, or any antifibrotic compound susceptible to interfere withthe TGFβ and BMP-activated pathways including activators of the latentTGF complex such as MMP2, MMP9, THBS1 or cell-surface integrins, TGFβreceptors type I (TGFBRI) or type II (TGFBRII) and their ligands such asTGFβ, Activin, inhibin, Nodal, anti-Müllerian hormone, GDFs or BMPs,auxiliary co-receptors (also known as type III receptors), or componentsof the SMAD-dependent canonical pathway including regulatory orinhibitory SMAD proteins, or members of the SMAD-independent ornon-canonical pathways including various branches of MAPK signaling,TAK1, Rho-like GTPase signaling pathways, phosphatidylinositol-3kinase/AKT pathways, TGFβ-induced EMT process, or canonical andnon-canonical Hedgehog signaling pathways including Hh ligands or targetgenes, or any members of the WNT, or Notch pathways which aresusceptible to influence TGFβ.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, component (ii) is ananti-cholestatic agent. Illustrative, non-limiting, anti-cholestaticagents useful in the practice of the present invention include:

-   -   apical sodium-codependent bile acid transporter inhibitors        (ASBTi);    -   Bile acids;    -   cathepsin inhibitors;    -   CCR antagonists;    -   CD40 inhibitors;    -   CD80 inhibitors;    -   NOX (NADPH oxidase) inhibitors, such as dual NOX 1 and 4        inhibitors;    -   Famesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists;    -   Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 19 recombinant;    -   Fractalkine ligand inhibitors;    -   ileal sodium bile acid cotransporter inhibitors;    -   Monoclonal antibodies;    -   PPAR alpha agonists;    -   PPAR gamma agonists;    -   PPAR delta agonists;    -   PPAR alpha/gamma agonists;    -   PPAR alpha/delta agonists;    -   PPAR gamma/delta; and    -   PPAR alpha/gamma/delta agonists or PPAR pan-agonists.

In a particular embodiment, the anti-cholestatic agent is selected inthe group consisting of:

-   -   apical sodium-codependent bile acid transporter inhibitors        (ASBTi);    -   Bile acids;    -   cathepsin inhibitors;    -   CCR antagonists;    -   CD40 inhibitors;    -   CD80 inhibitors;    -   NOX (NADPH oxidase) inhibitors;    -   Famesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists;    -   Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 19 recombinant;    -   Fractalkine ligand inhibitors;    -   ileal sodium bile acid cotransporter inhibitors;    -   Monoclonal antibodies;    -   PPAR alpha agonists;    -   PPAR gamma agonists;    -   PPAR delta agonists;    -   PPAR alpha/gamma agonists;    -   PPAR alpha/delta agonists;    -   PPAR gamma/delta;    -   PPAR alpha/gamma/delta agonists or PPAR pan-agonists;

Illustrative acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors include, but are notlimited to GS-0976, ND-654, AC-8632, PF05221304, CP640186, Gemcabene,MK-4074, and PF05175157.

Illustrative adenosine A3 receptor agonists include but are not limitedto 2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine, Piclidenoson CF-101 (IB-MECA),Namodenoson CF-102, 2-CI-IB-MECA, CP-532,903, Inosine, LUF-6000, andMRS-3558.

Illustrative aldosterone antagonists and mineralocorticoid receptorantagonists include, but are not limited to, Apararenone (MT 3995),Amilodde, Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Canrenone and potassiumcanrenoate, progesterone, drospirenone, gestodene, and benidipine.

Illustrative AMP activated protein kinase stimulators include, but arenot limited to PXL-770, MB-11055 Debio-0930B metformin, CNX-012, O-304,mangiferin calcium salt, eltrombopag, carotuximab, and Imeglimin.

Illustrative Amylin receptor agonist and Calcitonin receptor agonistsinclude, but are not limited to, KBP-042 and KBP-089.

Illustrative angiopoietin-related protein-3 inhibitors include, but arenot limited to ARO-ANG3, IONIS-ANGGPTL3-LRx or AKCEA-ANGPTL3LRx,evinacumab, and ALN-ANG.

According to the invention, the term “angiotensin type 1 receptorantagonists” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, Irbesartan.

According to the invention, the term “anti-LPS antibodies” as usedherein includes, but is not limited to IMM-124-E.

Illustrative antisense oligonucleotide targeting transforming growthfactor beta 2 include, but are not limited to ASPH-0047, IMC-TR1 andISTH-0047.

Illustrative apical sodium-codependent bile acid transporter inhibitorinclude, but are not limited to A-4250, volixibat, maralixibat formelySHP-625, GSK-2330672, elobixibat and CJ-14199.

Illustrative bile acids include, but are not limited to obeticholic acid(OCA) and UDCA, norursodeoxycholic acid, and ursodiol.

Illustrative bioactive lipids include, but are not limited to5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15-HEPE, DS-102).

In a further particular embodiment, the bioactive lipid may be selectedfrom unsaturated fatty acids such as 25 arachidonic acid, icosapentethylester, eicosapentaneoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.

Illustrative cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists include, but are notlimited to namacizumab, GRC-10801, MRI-1569, MRI-1867, DBPR-211,AM-6527: AM-6545, NESS-11-SM, CXB-029, GCC-2680, TM-38837, Org-50189,PF-514273, BMS-812204, ZYO-1, AZD-2207, AZD-1175, otenabant,ibipinabant, surinabant, rimonabant, drinabant, SLV-326, V-24343, andO-2093.

Illustrative cannabinoid CB2 receptor mimetics include, but are notlimited to anabasum (Resunab, JKT-101).

Illustrative caspase inhibitors include, but are not limited toemricasan, belnacasan, nivocasan, IDN-7314, F-573, VX-166, YJP-60107,MX-1122, IDN-6734, TLC-144, SB-234470, IDN-1965, VX-799, SDZ-220-976,and L-709049.

Illustrative cathepsin inhibitors include, but are not limited toVBY-376, VBY-825, VBY-036, VBY-129, VBY-285, Org-219517, LY3000328,RG-7236, and BF/PC-18.

Illustrative CCR antagonists include, but are not limited to CCR2/5antagonists such as cenicriviroc; PG-092, RAP-310, INCB-10820, RAP-103,PF-04634817, and CCX-872.

Illustrative CD40 inhibitors include, but are not limited to FFp-104,xI-050, DOM-0800, XmAb-5485, KGYY-15, FFP-106, TDI-0028, and ABI-793.

Illustrative CD80 inhibitors include, but are not limited to RhuDex,FPT-155, ToleriMab, galiximab, SCH-212394, IGM-001, ASP-2408, andSCH-204698.

Illustrative CCR3 chemokine modulators and eotaxin 2 ligand inhibitorsinclude, but are not limited to bertilimumab, CM-101 (humanized),CM-102, and RNS-60.

Illustrative diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase inhibitors include, butare not limited to IONIS-DGAT2Rx (formely ISIS-DGAT2Rx), LY-3202328,BH-03004, KR-69530, OT-13540, AZD-7687, PF-06865571, PF-06424439, andABT-046.

Illustrative dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors include, but are notlimited to evogliptin, vidagliptin, fotagliptin, alogliptin,saxagliptin, tilogliptin, anagliptin, sitagliptin, retagliptin,melogliptin, gosogliptin, trelagliptin, teneligliptin, dutogliptin,linagliptin, gemigliptin, yogliptin, betagliptin, imigliptin,omarigliptin, vidagliptin, and denagliptin.

Illustrative Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) inhibitors include, but are notlimited to TVB-2640; TVB-3664; TVB-3166, TVB-3150, TVB-3199,TVB-3693BZL-101, 2-octadecynoic acid, MDX-2, Fasnall, MT-061, G28UCM,MG-28, HS-160, GSK-2194069, KD-023, cilostazol.

In a particular embodiment, the FAS inhibitor is a compound selected inthe following list of compounds:

In another particular embodiment, the FAS inhibitor is selected from:

In a particular embodiment, the FAS inhibitor is TVB-2640.

Illustrative dual Famesoid X receptor (FXR)/TGR5 agonists include, butare not limited to INT-767.

Illustrative NOX (NADPH oxidase) inhibitors include, but are not limitedto, dual NOX 1&4 inhibitors; GKT-831(2-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-5-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-3,6(2H,5H)-dione),formely GKT137831, and GKT-901.

Illustrative extracellular matrix protein modulators include, but arenot limited to CNX-024, CNX-025 and SB-030.

Illustrative Famesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists includes but are notlimited to obeticholic acid (OCA), GS-9674, LJN-452 or LJN452, LMB763,EDP-305, AKN-083, INT-767, GNF-5120, LY2562175, INV-33, NTX-023-1,EP-024297, Px-103 and SR-45023.

Illustrative Fractalkine ligand inhibitors include, but are not limitedto E-6011 and KAN-0440567.

Illustrative Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF-19) receptor ligand,Recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF-19) protein or functionalengineered variant of FGF-19 include, but are not limited to NGM-282.

Illustrative Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) receptor ligand,Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) protein, include, but are notlimited to PEG-FGF21 (formely BMS-986036), YH-25348, BMS-986171,YH-25723, LY-3025876 and NNC-0194-0499.

Illustrative Galectin 3 inhibitors include, but are not limited toGR-MD-02, TD-139, ANG-4021, Galectin-3C, LJPC-201, TFD-100, GR-MD-03,GR-MD-04, GM-MD-01, GM-CT-01, GM-CT-02, Gal-100 and Gal-200.

Illustrative Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs include, but arenot limited to semaglutide, liraglutide, exenatide, albiglutide,dulaglutide, lixisenatide, loxenatide, efpeglenatide, taspoglutide,MKC-253, DLP-205 and ORMD-0901.

Illustrative Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists include,but are not limited to LY-3305677, and Oxyntomodulin long acting.

Illustrative G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) modulators include, butare not limited to CNX-023.

Illustrative G-protein coupled receptor 84 antagonist (GPR84antagonist), connective tissue growth factor ligand inhibitor and Freefatty acid receptor 1 agonist (FFAR1 agonist) include, but are notlimited to, PBI-4050, PBI-4265, PBI-4283, and PBI-4299.

Illustrative Hedgehog cell-signalling pathway inhibitors include, butare not limited to Vismodegib, TAK-441, IPI-926, Sandegib,Sonidegib/Erismodegib, BMS-833923/XL139, PF-04449913,Taladegib/LY2940680, ETS-2400, SHR-1539, and CUR61414.

Illustrative ileal sodium bile acid cotransporter inhibitors include,but are not limited to A-4250, GSK-2330672, volixibat, CJ-14199, andelobixibat.

Illustrative immunomodulators include, but are not limited to PBI-4050,PBI-4265, PBI-4283, PBI-4299 and AIC-649.

Illustrative Insulin sensitizer and MCH receptor-1 antagonist includebut are not limited to MSDC-0602k, MSDC-0602, CSTI-100 and AMRI.

Illustrative integrin inhibitors include, but are not limited tointegrin inhibitors of Pliant Therapeutic, integrin inhibitors of IndaloTherapeutics, integrin inhibitors of St Louis University, ProAgio, andGSK-3008348.

Illustrative ketohexokinase inhibitors include, but are not limited to,JNJ-28165722; JNJ-42065426; JNJ-42152981; JNJ-42740815; JNJ-42740828,and PF-06835919.

Illustrative leukotriene/phosphodiesterase Ilipoxygenase inhibitorsinclude, but are not limited to tipelukast (formely MN-001), tomelukast,sulukast, masilukast, zafirlukast, pranlukast, montelukast, gemilukast,verlukast, aklukast, pobilikast, cinalukast, and iralukast.

Illustrative Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 inhibitors include, but are notlimited to, Rappaport, InterMune, Pharmaxis, AB-0023, Simtuzumab,PXS-5382A, and PXS-5338.

Illustrative macrolides include, but are not limited to solithromycin,azithromycin, and erythromycin.

Illustrative macrophage mannose receptor modulators include, but are notlimited to AB-0023, MT-1001, [18F]FB18mHSA, Xemys, technetium Tc 99mtilmanocept, and CDX-1307.

Illustrative methyl CpG binding protein 2 modulator and transglutaminaseinhibitors include, but are not limited to, cysteamine, EC Cysteamine,enteric-coated cysteamine bitartrate, cysteamine bitartrate(enteric-coated), Bennu, cysteamine bitartrate (enteric-coated), Raptor,cysteamine bitartrate, DR Cysteamine, delayed release enteric coatedcysteamine bitartrate, mercaptamine, mercaptamine (enteric-coated),Bennu, mercaptamine (enteric-coated), Raptor, RP-103, RP-104, PROCYSBI,and mercaptamine (enteric-coated).

Illustrative miRNA antagonists include, but are not limited to RG-125(formely AZD4076), RGLS-5040, RG-101, MGN-5804, and MRG-201.

Illustrative metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) stimulators include, but are notlimited to MMP-9 stimulator of Elastomics Ab.

Illustrative mitochondrial carrier family inhibitor and Mitochondrialphosphate carrier protein inhibitor include, but are not limited toTRO-19622, Trophos, olesoxime, RG-6083, or RO-7090919.

Illustrative myeloperoxidase inhibitors include, but are not limited toPF-06667272.

Illustrative monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) include, but is not limited tobertilimumab, NGM-313, IL-20 targeting mAbs, fresolimumab (antiTGFR3)(formely GC1008), timolumab formely BTT-1023, namacizumab, omalizumab,ranibizumab, bevacizumab, lebdkizumab, epratuzumab, felvizumab,matuzumab, monalizumab, reslizumab, foralumab (NI-0401, anti-CD3),simtizumab (GS-6624) mAb against LOXL2, ustekinumab an anti-TNFantibody, and inebilizumab

Illustrative monocional antibodies are selected in the group consistingof anti-IL20 mAbs, anti-TGFβ antibodies, anti-CD3 antibodies, anti-LOXL2antibodies and anti-TNF antibodies.

Illustrative mTOR modulators include, but are not limited to MSDC-0602and AAV gene therapy co-administered with SVP-sirolimus.

Illustrative NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin stimulator; PDE 5inhibitor include, but are not limited to NS-0200.

Illustrative NF-kappa B inhibitors include, but are not limited toLC-280126.

Illustrative Nicotinic Acid Receptor (GPR109) Agonists include, but arenot limited to ARI-3037MO, MMF, LUF 6283, Acifran, IBC 293, MK-1903,GSK256073, MK-6892, MK-0354, SLx-4090, lomitapide, lexibulin,apabetalone, acifran, laropiprant, daporinad, anacetrapib, INCB-19602,ST-07-02, lomefloxacin, Niacin, and controlled release/laropiprant.

Illustrative non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include, butare not limited to F-351, salicylates (aspirin), acetaminophen,propionic acid derivatives (ibuprofen, naproxen), acetic acidderivatives (indomethacin, diclofenac), enolic acid derivatives(piroxicam, phenylbutazone), anthranilic acid derivatives (meclofenalmicacid, flufenamic acid), selective COX-2 inhibitors (celecoxib,parecoxib), and sulfonanilides (nimesulide).

Illustrative nuclear receptor ligands include, but are not limited toDUR-928 (formely DV 928).

Illustrative P2Y13 protein agonists include, but are not limited toCER-209.

Illustrative PDGFR modulators include, but are not limited to BOT-501and BOT-191.

Illustrative phenylalanine hydroxylase stimulators include, but are notlimited to Pegvaliase, sapropterin, AAV-PAH, CDX-6114, sepiapterin,RMN-168, ALTU-236, ETX-101, HepaStem, rolipram, and alprostadil.

Illustrative PPAR alpha agonists include, but are not limited tofenofibrate, ciprofibrate, pemafibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate,binifibrate, clinofibrate, clofibric acid, nicofibrate, pirifibrate,plafibride, ronifibrate, theofibrate, tocofibrate, and SR10171;

Illustrative PPAR gamma agonists include, but are not limited to,Pioglitazone, deuterated pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, efatutazone,ATx08-001, OMS-405, CHS-131, THR-0921, SER-150-DN, KDT-501,GED-0507-34-Levo, CLC-3001, and ALL-4.

Illustrative PPAR delta agonists include, but are not limited toGW501516 (Endurabol or({4-[({4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]-2-methylphenoxy}aceticacid)), MBX8025 (Seladelpar or{2-methyl-4-[5-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2H-[I,2,3]triazol-4-ylmethylsylfanyl]-phenoxy}-aceticacid), GW0742([4-[[[2-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-methyl-5-thiazolyl]methyl]thio]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid), L165041, HPP-593, and NCP-1046.

Illustrative PPAR alpha/gamma agonists (also named glitazars) include,but are not limited to Saroglitazar, Aleglitazar, Muraglitazar,Tesaglitazar, and DSP-8658.

In addition to elafibranor, illustrative PPAR alpha/delta agonistsinclude, without limitation, T913659.

Illustrative PPAR gamma/delta agonist include, but are not limited to aconjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and T3D-959.

Illustrative PPAR alpha/gamma/delta agonists or “PPAR pan-agonists”,include, but are not limited to IVA337 (Lanifibranor), TTA(tetradecylthioacetic acid), Bavachinin, GW4148, GW9135, Bezafibrate,Lobeglitazone and CS038.

Illustrative protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 antagonists include,but are not limited to PZ-235 and NP-003.

Illustrative protein kinase modulators include, but are not limited toCNX-014, MB-11055, ALF-1, mangiferin, amlexanox, GS-444217, REG-101 andvaline.

Illustrative Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) inhibitors include,but are not limited to KD-025, TRX-101, BA-1049, LYC-53976, INS-117548and RKI-1447.

Illustrative signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitors include, butare not limited to selonsertib (formerly GS-4997).

Illustrative sodium-glucose transport (SGLT) 1 inhibitors include, butare not limited to LX-4212/LX-4211/sotagliflozin, SAR-439954, LIK-066(Licoglifozin), LX-2761, GSK-161235, LP-925219, KGA-2727, SAR-7226,SAR-474832, SY-008, and AVX-3030.

Illustrative sodium-glucose transport (SGLT) 2 inhibitors include, butare not limited to remogliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin,ertugliflozin, sotagliflozin, ipragliflozin, tianagliflozin,canagliflozin, tofogliflozin, janagliflozin, bexagliflozin,luseogliflozin, sergliflozin, HEC-44616, AST-1935 and PLD-101.

Illustrative stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors/fatty acid bile acidconjugates include, but are not limited to aramchol, GRC-9332,steamchol, TSN-2998, GSK-1940029 and XEN-801.

Illustrative thyroid hormone receptor β (THR β) agonists include, butare not limited to VK-2809, MGL-3196, MGL-3745, SKL-14763, sobetirome,BCT-304, ZYT-1, MB-07811 and eprotirome.

Illustrative Toll Like Receptor 2 and 4 (TLR-2) antagonists include, butare not limited to CI-201 also known as VB-201.

Illustrative Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) antagonists include, but arenot limited to naltrexone, JKB-121 also known as Nalmefene, M-62812,resatorvid, dendrophilin, CS-4771, AyuV-1, AyuV-25, NI-0101, EDA-HPVE7and eritoran.

Illustrative Type I natural killer T cells inhibitors include but arenot limited to GRI-0621.

Illustrative Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) modulators include, but arenot limited to CNX-025, KBP-7018, nintedanib and sorafenib.

Illustrative urate anion exchanger 1 inhibitors and xanthine oxidaseinhibitors include, but are not limited to, lesinurad, RLBN-1001,verinurad, KUX-1151, and lesinurad+allopurinol.

Illustrative vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) inhibitors also namedAmine Oxidase Copper containing 2 (AOC3), include, but are not limitedto BI-1467335 formerly PXS-4728A, CP-664511, PRX-167700, ASP-8232,RTU-1096, RTU-007 and BTT-1023.

Illustrative vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists include, but are notlimited to calciferol, alfacalcidol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, VitaminD2, Vitamin D3, calcitriol, Vitamin D4, Vitamin D5, dihydrotachysterol,calcipotriol, tacalcitol 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and paricalcitol.

According to the present invention, the term “PPAR(s) agonists” refersthe Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor agonists, which are aclass of drugs which plays a central role in lipid and glucosehomeostasis. PPARα mainly influences fatty acid metabolism and itsactivation lowers lipid levels, while PPARγ is mostly involved in theregulation of the adipogenesis, energy balance, and lipid biosynthesis.PPARδ participates in fatty acid oxidation, mostly in skeletal andcardiac muscles, but it also regulates blood glucose and cholesterollevels.

In a more particular embodiment, the compound of formula (I) isElafibranor, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a particular embodiment of the combination product of the invention:

-   -   component (i) is Elafibranor or a pharmaceutically acceptable        salt thereof; and    -   component (ii) is selected from GKT-831, aramchol, SHP-625,        emricasan, saroglitazar, IMM-124-E, GS-9674, NGM-282, A-4250,        GR-MD-02, GS-4997, F-351, solithromycin, remogliflozin,        BTT-1023, IVA-337 (Lanifibranor), JKB-121 (Nalmefene), KD-025,        MSDC-0602 or MSDC-0602k, PBI-4050, PEG-FGF21, tipelukast,        VK-2809, MGL-3196, GS-0976, RG-125, volixibat, pioglitazone,        semaglutide, GSK2330672, MBX-8025, CP-640186, Selonsertib,        GKT-831, PXS-4728A, Vismodegib, CF-102 (Namodenoson), MT-3995        (Apararenone), icosapentethyl ester, KD-025, DUR-928, and        Gemcabene, in particular Selonsertib, GKT-831, PXS-4728A,        Aramchol, PBI-4050, MSDC-0602k, VK-2809, MGL-3196, Vismodegib,        CF-102 (Namodenoson), MT-3995 (Apararenone), JKB-121        (Nalmefene), emricasan, KD-025, and DUR-928.

In a particular embodiment of the combination product of the invention:

-   -   component (i) is Elafibranor or a pharmaceutically acceptable        salt thereof; and    -   component (ii) is selected from GKT-831, aramchol, SHP-625,        emricasan, saroglitazar, IMM-124-E, GS-9674, NGM-282, A-4250,        GR-MD-02, GS-4997, LJN-452, F-351, solithromycin, remogliflozin,        BTT-1023, IVA-337 (Lanifibranor), JKB-121, KD-025, MSDC-0602,        PBI-4050, PEG-FGF21, tipelukast, VK-2809, MGL-3196, GS-0976,        pentasa, RG-125, volixibat, pioglitazone, ursodeoxycholic acid,        semaglutide, GSK2330672, and MBX-8025, in particular from        aramchol, SHP-625, emricasan, saroglitazar, IMM-124-E, GS-9674,        NGM-282, A-4250, GR-MD-02, GS-4997, LJN-452, F-351,        solithromycin, remogliflozin, BTT-1023, IVA-337 (Lanifibranor),        JKB-121, KD-025, MSDC-0602, PBI-4050, PEG-FGF21, tipelukast,        VK-2809, MGL-3196, GS-0976, RG-125, volixibat, pioglitazone,        ursodeoxycholic acid, semaglutide, GSK2330672, and MBX-8025.

In a particular embodiment of the combination product of the invention:

-   -   component (i) is Elafibranor or a pharmaceutically acceptable        salt thereof; and    -   component (ii) is selected from GKT-831, aramchol, SHP-625,        emricasan, saroglitazar, IMM-124-E, GS-9674, NGM-282, A-4250,        GR-MD-02, GS-4997, F-351, solithromycin, remogliflozin,        BTT-1023, IVA-337 (Lanifibranor), JKB-121, KD-025, MSDC-0602,        PBI-4050, PEG-FGF21, tipelukast, VK-2809, MGL-3196, GS-0976,        pentasa, RG-125, volixibat, pioglitazone, semaglutide,        GSK2330672, and MBX-8025

In a particular embodiment, the combination product is a combination ofELA and GKT-831, ELA and Selonsertib, ELA and GS-0976 or ELA andPentasa.

In a particular embodiment, the combination product is a combination ofELA and GS-0976, ELA and CP-640186, ELA and Selonsertib, ELA and GKT-831(formerly GKT137831), ELA and BI-1467335/PXS-4728A, ELA and Aramchol,ELA and PBI-4050, ELA and MSDC-0602k, ELA and VK-2809, ELA and MGL-3196,ELA and Vismodegib, ELA and CF-102 (Namodenoson), ELA and MT-3995(Apararenone), ELA and JKB-121 (Nalmefene), ELA and Emricasan, ELA andKD-025, ELA and DUR-928, or ELA and Gemcabene.

In a particular embodiment, the combination product is a combination ofELA and Selonsertib, ELA and GKT-831 (formerly GKT137831), ELA andBI-1467335/PXS-4728A, ELA and Aramchol, ELA and PBI-4050, ELA andMSDC-0602k, ELA and VK-2809, ELA and MGL-3196, ELA and Vismodegib, ELAand CF-102 (Namodenoson), ELA and MT-3995 (Apararenone), ELA and JKB-121(Nalmefene), ELA and Emricasan, ELA and KD-025, and ELA and DUR-928.

In a further particular variant of this embodiment, component (ii) isnot OCA or CVC.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is selectedfrom an ACC inhibitor, an ASK1 inhibitor, a dual NOX1 and NOX4, a VAP-1inhibitor, a stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors/fatty acid bile acidconjugate, a GPR84 antagonist/FFAR1 agonist or immunomodulator, a mTORmodulator or insulin sensitizer, a THRβ agonist, a hedegehog signalingpathway inhibitor, an adenosine A3 receptor agonist, an aldosteronereceptor antagonist, a TLR-4 antagonist, a caspase inhibitor, a ROCK2inhibitor, and a nuclear receptor ligand.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is an ACCinhibitor (in particular GS-0976 or CP-640186 or Gemcabene), an ASK1inhibitor (in particular Selonsertib), a dual NOX1 and NOX4 inhibitor(in particular GKT-831, formerly GKT137831), a VAP-1 inhibitor (inparticular BI-1467335/PXS-4728A), a stearoyl CoA desaturase-1inhibitors/fatty acid bile acid conjugate (in particular Aramchol), aGPR84 antagonist/FFAR1 agonist or immunomodulator (in particularPBI-4050), a mTOR modulator or insulin sensitizer (in particularMSDC-0602k), a THRb agonist (in particular VK-2809 or MGL-3196), ahedegehog signaling pathway inhibitor (in particular Vismodegib), anadenosine A3 receptor agonist (in particular CF-102 (Namodenoson)), analdosterone receptor antagonist (in particular MT-3995 (Apararenone)), aTLR-4 antagonist (in particular JKB-121 (Nalmefene)), a caspaseinhibitor (in particular emricasan), a ROCK2 inhibitor (in particularKD-025), and a nuclear receptor ligand (in particular DUR-928).

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is an ASK1inhibitor, a dual NOX1 and NOX4, a VAP-1 inhibitor, a stearoyl CoAdesaturase-1 inhibitors/fatty acid bile acid conjugate, a GPR84antagonist/FFAR1 agonist or immunomodulator, a mTOR modulator or insulinsensitizer, a THRβ agonist, a hedegehog signaling pathway inhibitor, anadenosine A3 receptor agonist, an aldosterone receptor antagonist, aTLR-4 antagonist, a caspase inhibitor, a ROCK2 inhibitor, and a nuclearreceptor ligand.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is an ASK1inhibitor (in particular Selonsertib), a dual NOX1 and NOX4 inhibitor(in particular GKT-831, formerly GKT137831), a VAP-1 inhibitor (inparticular BI-1467335/PXS-4728A), a stearoyl CoA desaturase-1inhibitors/fatty acid bile acid conjugate (in particular Aramchol), aGPR84 antagonist/FFAR1 agonist or immunomodulator (in particularPBI-4050), a mTOR modulator or insulin sensitizer (in particularMSDC-0602k), a THRb agonist (in particular VK-2809 or MGL-3196), ahedegehog signaling pathway inhibitor (in particular Vismodegib), anadenosine A3 receptor agonist (in particular CF-102 (Namodenoson)), analdosterone receptor antagonist (in particular MT-3995 (Apararenone)), aTLR-4 antagonist (in particular JKB-121 (Nalmefene)), a caspaseinhibitor (in particular emricasan), a ROCK2 inhibitor (in particularKD-025), and a nuclear receptor ligand (in particular DUR-928).

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is an ACCinhibitor.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is GS-0976,CP-640186 or Gemcabene.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is GS-0976.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isCP-640186.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isGemcabene.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is an ASK1inhibitor.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isSelonsertib.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is a dualNOX1 and NOX4 inhibitor.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is GKT-831.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is a VAP-1inhibitor.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isBI-1467335/PXS-4728A.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is astearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors/fatty acid bile acid conjugate.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isAramchol.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is a GPR84antagonist/FFAR1 agonist.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isPBI-4050.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is a mTORmodulator or insulin sensitizer.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is inparticular MSDC-0602k.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is a THRβagonist.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is VK-2809or MGL-3196.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is VK-2809.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isMGL-3196.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is aHedgehog cell signaling pathway inhibitor.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isVismodegib.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is anAdenosine A3 receptor agonist.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is CF-102(Namodenoson).

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is analdosterone receptor antagonist.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is MT-3995(Apararenone).

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is a TLR-4antagonist.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is JKB-121(Nalmefene).

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is anuclear receptor ligand.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) isEmricasan.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is a ROCK2inhibitor.

In a more particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is KD-025.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is nuclearreceptor ligand.

In a particular embodiment, component (i) is Elafibranor or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and component (ii) is DUR-928.

In a particular embodiment, the combination product of the inventionfurther comprises at least one other therapeutically active agentselected from JAK/STAT inhibitors and other anti-inflammatory agentand/or an immunosuppressant agent.

Illustrative anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressant agents compriseglucocorticoids, NSAIDS, cyclophosphamide, nitrosoureas, folic acidanalogs, purine analogs, pyrimidine analogs, methotrexate, azathioprine,mercaptopurine, ciclosporin, myriocin, tacrolimus, sirolimus,mycophenolic acid derivatives, fingolimod and othersphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, monocional and/orpolyclonal antibodies against such targets as proinflammatory cytokinesand proinflammatory cytokine receptors, T-cell receptor and integrins.

In another particular embodiment the combination of the invention mayfurther comprise at least one therapeutically active agent with knownantifibrotic activity such as pirfenidone or receptor tyrosine kinaseinhibitors (RTKIs) such as Nintedanib, Sorafenib and other RTKIs, orangiotensin II (AT1) receptor blockers, or CTGF inhibitor, or anyantifibrotic compound susceptible to interfere with the TGF andBMP-activated pathways including activators of the latent TGFβ complexsuch as MMP2, MMP9, THBS1 or cell-surface integrins, TGFβ receptors typeI (TGFBRI) or type II (TGFBRII) and their ligands such as TGF, Activin,inhibin, Nodal, anti-Müllerian hormone, GDFs or BMPs, auxiliaryco-receptors (also known as type III receptors), or components of theSMAD-dependent canonical pathway including regulatory or inhibitory SMADproteins, or members of the SMADindependent or non-canonical pathwaysincluding various branches of MAPK signaling, TAK1, Rho-like GTPasesignaling pathways, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT pathways,TGFβ-induced EMT process, or canonical and non-canonical Hedgehogsignaling pathways including Hh ligands or target genes, or any membersof the WNT, or Notch pathways which are susceptible to influence TGFβsignaling.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, the other therapeuticallyactive agent is a PPAR agonist.

In another particular embodiment, the PPAR agonist is a PPAR-alphaagonist, a PPAR-gamma agonist, a PPAR-delta agonist, a PPAR-alpha/gammadual agonist, a PPAR alpha/delta dual agonist, a PPAR gamma/delta dualagonist or a PPAR alpha/gamma/delta pan agonist.

In a particular embodiment, the other therapeutically active agent is:

-   -   at least one PPAR-alpha agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-gamma agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-delta agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-alpha/delta dual agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-alpha agonist and at least one PPAR delta        agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-alpha/gamma dual agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-alpha agonist and at least one PPAR gamma        agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-gamma/delta dual agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-gamma agonist and at least one PPAR delta        agonist;    -   at least one PPAR-alpha/gamma/delta pan agonist; and    -   at least one PPAR-alpha agonist, at least one PPAR-gamma agonist        and at least one PPAR-delta agonist.

In a particular embodiment, the combination product of the invention isa composition comprising components (i) and (ii) as described above, anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a particular embodiment, the combination product is a kit of partscomprising components (i) and (ii) as described above, for sequential,separate or simultaneous use.

In a further embodiment, components (i) and (ii) are formulated in aninjectable suspension, a gel, an oil, a pill, a tablet, a suppository, apowder, a capsule, an aerosol, an oinment, a cream, a patch, or means ofgalenic forms for a prolonged and/or slow release.

The present invention also relates to the combination product accordingto the invention, for use as a medicament.

The invention also relates to the combination product herein disclosed,for use in a method for the treatment of a disease. In anotherembodiment, the invention relates to a method for the treatment of adisease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of the combination product hereindiscloses. In another embodiment, it is provided the use of acombination product according to the invention, for the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of a disease.

In particular, the combination product of the present invention isuseful for the treatment of diseases such as immune, inflammatory,metabolic, fibrotic and cholestatic diseases. In a particularembodiment, the disease is selected in the group consisting of metabolicliver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), drug-induced liver diseases, alcohol-inducedliver diseases, infectious agent induced liver diseases, inflammatoryliver diseases, immune system dysfunction-mediated liver diseases,dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, restenosis, syndrome X, metabolicsyndrome, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic cholangiopathies suchas Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC), Primary Biliary Cholangitis(PBC), biliary atresia, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasistype 3 (PFIC3), inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, keloid, old myocardial infarction, scleroderma/systemicsclerosis, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers,liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer, gastriccancer, meningioma associated with neurofibromatosis, pancreaticneuroendocrine tumors, pancreatic exocrine tumors, leukemia,myeloproliferative/myelodisplastic diseases, mastocytosis,dermatofibrosarcoma, solid tumors including breast, lung, thyroid orcolorectal cancer, a prostate cancer, liver fibrosis or cirrhosis of anyorigin, metabolic disease-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,NAFLD-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, NASH-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis,alcohol-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, drug-induced liver fibrosisor cirrhosis, infectious agent-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,parasite infection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, bacterialinfection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, viral infection-inducedfibrosis or cirrhosis, HBV-infection induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, HCV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, dual HCV andHIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, radiation- orchemotherapy-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, biliary tract fibrosis,liver fibrosis or cirrhosis due to any chronic cholestatic disease, gutfibrosis of any etiology, Crohn's disease-induced fibrosis, ulcerativecolitis-induced fibrosis, intestine (e.g. small intestine) fibrosis,colon fibrosis, stomach fibrosis, skin fibrosis, epidermis fibrosis,endodermis fibrosis, skin fibrosis due to scleroderma/systemicsclerosis, lung fibrosis, lung fibrosis consecutive to chronicinflammatory airway diseases, such as COPD, asthma, emphysema, smoker'slung, tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF), heart fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis,muscle fibrosis, soft tissue (e.g. mediastinum or retroperitoneum)fibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, joint fibrosis, tendon fibrosis,cartilage fibrosis, pancreas fibrosis, uterus fibrosis, nervous systemfibrosis, testis fibrosis, ovary fibrosis, adrenal gland fibrosis,artery fibrosis, vein fibrosis, eye fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis,mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis,progressive massive fibrosis (a complication of coal workers'pneumoconiosis), proliferative fibrosis, neoplastic fibrosis,peri-implantational fibrosis and asbestosis, arthrofibrosis, adhesivecapsulitis.

In a most preferred embodiment, the disease is selected in the groupconsisting of metabolic liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), drug-inducedliver diseases, alcohol-induced liver diseases, infectious agent inducedliver diseases, inflammatory liver diseases, immune systemdysfunction-mediated liver diseases, dyslipidemia, cardiovasculardiseases, restenosis, syndrome X, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity,hypertension, chronic cholangiopathies such as Primary SclerosingCholangitis (PSC), Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC), biliary atresia,progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3),inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, livercancer, hepatocallular carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer, gastriccancer, colorectal cancer, metabolic disease-induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, NAFLD-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, NASH-induced fibrosis orcirrhosis, alcohol-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, drug-inducedliver fibrosis or cirrhosis, infectious agent-induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, parasite infection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,bacterial infection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, viralinfection-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, HBV-infection induced liverfibrosis or cirrhosis, HCV-infection induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, dual HCVand HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, radiation- orchemotherapy-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, biliary tract fibrosis,liver fibrosis or cirrhosis due to any chronic cholestatic disease, gutfibrosis of any etiology, Crohn's disease-induced fibrosis, ulcerativecolitis-induced fibrosis, intestine (e.g. small intestine) fibrosis,colon fibrosis, stomach fibrosis, lung fibrosis, lung fibrosisconsecutive to chronic inflammatory airway diseases, such as COPD,asthma, emphysema, smoker's lung, tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis,idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF),

In a further aspect, the invention relates to the combination of theinvention, for use in the inhibition of proliferation and/or activationof fibroblasts responsible for the production of collagen fibers and/orresponsible for the production of the extracellular matrix.

According to the present invention, the term “autoimmune diseases” isused to designate a condition that arises from an abnormal immuneresponse of the body against substances and tissues normally present inthe body. The disease may be restricted to certain organs (e.g in type Idiabetes or autoimmune thyroiditis) or involve a particular tissue indifferent places (e.g. in Goodpasture's disease, affection of thebasement membrane in the lung and the kidney).

The term “inflammation” is used to designate a condition that arise froma protective response involving host cells, blood vessels, and proteinsand other mediators which may serve to eliminate the cause ofcell/tissue injury, as well as the necrotic cells/tissues resulting fromthe original insult, and to initiate the process of repair. Theinflammatory reaction may be manifested by pain, heat, redness,swelling, blood vessels dilatation, blood flow increase and loss offunction.

According to the present invention, the terms “fibrosis”, “fibroticdisease”, “fibrotic disorder” and declinations thereof denote apathological condition of excessive deposition of fibrous connectivetissue in an organ or tissue. More specifically, fibrosis is apathological process, which includes a persistent fibrotic scarformation and overproduction of extracellular matrix by the connectivetissue, as a response to tissue damage. Physiologically, the deposit ofconnective tissue can obliterate the architecture and function of theunderlying organ or tissue.

According to the present invention, the fibrosis or fibrotic disordermay be associated with any organ or tissue fibrosis. Illustrative,non-limiting examples of particular organ fibrosis include liver, gut,kidney, skin, epidermis, endodermis, muscle, tendon, cartilage, heart,pancreas, lung, uterus, nervous system, testis, penis, ovary, adrenalgland, artery, vein, colon, intestine (e.g. small intestine), biliarytract, soft tissue (e.g. mediastinum or retroperitoneum), bone marrow,joint or stomach fibrosis, in particular liver, kidney, skin, epidermis,endodermis, muscle, tendon, cartilage, heart, pancreas, lung, uterus,nervous system, testis, ovary, adrenal gland, artery, vein, colon,intestine (e.g. small intestine), biliary tract, soft tissue (e.g.mediastinum or retroperitoneum), bone marrow, joint, eye or stomachfibrosis.

According to the present invention, the terms “cholestasis” or“cholestatic disease”, or “cholestatic disorder” and declinationsthereof denote a pathological condition defined by a decrease in bileflow due to impaired secretion by hepatocytes or to obstruction of bileflow through intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts. Therefore, the clinicaldefinition of cholestasis is any condition in which substances normallyexcreted into bile are retained.

In a particular embodiment, the fibrotic disorder is selected in thegroup consisting of a liver, gut, lung, heart, kidney, muscle, skin,soft tissue (e.g. mediastinum or retroperitoneum), bone marrow,intestinal, and joint (e.g. knee, shoulder or other joints) fibrosis.

In a preferred embodiment, the fibrotic disorder is selected in thegroup consisting of liver, lung, skin, kidney and intestinal fibrosis.

In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, treatedfibrotic disorder is selected in the group consisting of the followingnon exhaustive list of fibrotic disorders: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH), pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, skinfibrosis, eye fibrosis (such as capsular fibrosis), endomyocardialfibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis,progressive massive fibrosis (a complication of coal workers'pneumoconiosis), proliferative fibrosis, neoplastic fibrosis, lungfibrosis consecutive to chronic inflammatory airway disease (COPD,asthma, emphysema, smoker's lung, tuberculosis), alcohol or drug-inducedliver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, infection-induced liver fibrosis,radiation or chemotherapeutic-induced fibrosis, nephrogenic systemicfibrosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, kelodd, old myocardialinfarction, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, arthrofibrosis, some formsof adhesive capsulitis, chronic fibrosing cholangiopathies such asPrimary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) and Primary Biliary Cholangitis(PBC), biliary atresia, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasistype 3 (PFIC3), peri-implantational fibrosis and asbestosis.

Cholestasis is defined as a decrease in bile flow due to impairedsecretion by hepatocytes (hepato-cellular cholestasis) or to obstructionof bile flow through intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts (obstructivecholestasis). In clinical practice, cholestasis is any condition inwhich the flow of bile from the liver is slowed or blocked. According toa particular embodiment of the invention, the cholestestatic disease isselected in the group consisting of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC),primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), Intrahepatic Cholestasis ofPregnancy, Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis, Biliaryatresia, Cholelithiasis, Infectious Cholangitis, Cholangitis associatedwith Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Alagille syndrome, Nonsyndromicductal paucity, Drug-induced cholestasis, and Total parenteralnutrition-associated cholestasis. In a preferred embodiment, thecholestatic disease is PBC or PSC, in particular PBC.

Examples of inflammatory diseases, fibrotic diseases, metabolic diseasesand cholestatic diseases include metabolic liver diseases, non-alcoholicfatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),drug-induced liver diseases, alcohol-induced liver diseases, infectiousagent induced liver diseases, inflammatory liver diseases, immune systemdysfunction-mediated liver diseases, dyslipidemia, cardiovasculardiseases, restenosis, syndrome X, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity,hypertension, chronic cholangiopathies such as Primary SclerosingCholangitis (PSC), Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC), biliary atresia,progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3),inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis,keloid, old myocardial infarction, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis,inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, livercancer, hepatocallular carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer, gastriccancer, meningioma associated with neurofibromatosis, pancreaticneuroendocrine tumors, pancreatic exocrine tumors, leukemia,myeloproliferative/myelodisplastic diseases, mastocytosis,dermatofibrosarcoma, solid tumors including breast, lung, thyroid orcolorectal cancer, a prostate cancer, liver fibrosis or cirrhosis of anyorigin, metabolic disease-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,NAFLD-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, NASH-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis,alcohol-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, drug-induced liver fibrosisor cirrhosis, infectious agent-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,parasite infection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, bacterialinfection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, viral infection-inducedfibrosis or cirrhosis, HBV-infection induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, HCV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, dual HCV andHIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, radiation- orchemotherapy-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, biliary tract fibrosis,liver fibrosis or cirrhosis due to any chronic cholestatic disease, gutfibrosis of any etiology, Crohn's disease-induced fibrosis, ulcerativecolitis-induced fibrosis, intestine (e.g. small intestine) fibrosis,colon fibrosis, stomach fibrosis, skin fibrosis, epidermis fibrosis,endodermis fibrosis, skin fibrosis due to scleroderma/systemicsclerosis, lung fibrosis, lung fibrosis consecutive to chronicinflammatory airway diseases, such as COPD, asthma, emphysema, smoker'slung, tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF), heart fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis,muscle fibrosis, soft tissue (e.g. mediastinum or retroperitoneum)fibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, joint fibrosis, tendon fibrosis,cartilage fibrosis, pancreas fibrosis, uterus fibrosis, nervous systemfibrosis, testis fibrosis, ovary fibrosis, adrenal gland fibrosis,artery fibrosis, vein fibrosis, eye fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis,mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis,progressive massive fibrosis (a complication of coal workers'pneumoconiosis), proliferative fibrosis, neoplastic fibrosis,peri-implantational fibrosis and asbestosis, arthrofibrosis, adhesivecapsulitis.

Preferably, the disease is selected in the group consisting of metabolicliver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), drug-induced liver diseases, alcohol-inducedliver diseases, infectious agent induced liver diseases, inflammatoryliver diseases, immune system dysfunction-mediated liver diseases,dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, restenosis, syndrome X, metabolicsyndrome, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic cholangiopathies suchas Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC), Primary Biliary Cholangitis(PBC), biliary atresia, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasistype 3 (PFIC3), inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, liver cancer, hepatocallular carcinoma, gastrointestinalcancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, metabolic disease-inducedliver fibrosis or cirrhosis, NAFLD-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis,NASH-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, alcohol-induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, drug-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, infectiousagent-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, parasite infection-inducedliver fibrosis or cirrhosis, bacterial infection-induced liver fibrosisor cirrhosis, viral infection-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis,HBV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, HCV-infection inducedliver fibrosis or cirrhosis, HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, dual HCV and HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, radiation- or chemotherapy-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis,biliary tract fibrosis, liver fibrosis or cirrhosis due to any chroniccholestatic disease, gut fibrosis of any etiology, Crohn'sdisease-induced fibrosis, ulcerative colitis-induced fibrosis, intestine(e.g. small intestine) fibrosis, colon fibrosis, stomach fibrosis, lungfibrosis, lung fibrosis consecutive to chronic inflammatory airwaydiseases, such as COPD, asthma, emphysema, smoker's lung, tuberculosis,pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), The term“treatment” or “treating” refers to the curative or preventive of adisorder in a subject in need thereof. The treatment involves theadministration of the compound, in particular comprised in apharmaceutical composition, to a subject having a declared disorder,i.e. to a patient, to cure, delay, reverse, or slow down the progressionof the disorder, improving thereby the condition of the subject. Atreatment may also be administered to a subject that is healthy or atrisk of developing a cholestatic or fibrotic disorder to prevent ordelay the disorder.

Therefore, according to the invention, the treatment of a immune,inflammatory, metabolic, fibrotic and cholestatic disease involves theadministration of the combination of the present invention, for examplein the form of a pharmaceutical composition containing components (i)and (ii) of the combination, to a subject having a declared disorder tocure, delay, reverse or slow down the progression of the disorder, thusimproving the condition of the patient or to a healthy subject, inparticular a subject who is at risk of developing such disease.

The treatment involves the administration of the combination of theinvention to a patient having a declared disorder to cure, delay, orslow down the progress, thus improving the condition of the patient orto a healthy subject, in particular a subject who is at risk ofdeveloping an inflammatory, metabolic, fibrotic and cholestatic disease.

The subject to be treated is a mammal, preferably a human. The subjectto be treated according to the invention can be selected on the basis ofseveral criteria associated to fibrotic diseases such as previous drugtreatments, associated pathologies, genotype, exposure to risk factors,viral infection, as well as on the basis of the detection of anyrelevant biomarker that can be evaluated by means of imaging methods andimmunological, biochemical, enzymatic, chemical, or nucleic aciddetection methods.

The subjects to be treated according to the invention can be selected onthe basis of several criteria associated to inflammatory, metabolic,fibrotic and cholestatic diseases such as previous drug treatments,associated pathologies, genotype, exposure to risk factors, viralinfection, as well as any other relevant biomarker that can be evaluatedby means of imaging methods and immunological, biochemical, enzymatic,chemical, or nucleic acid detection method.

In a particular embodiment, the treatment of an inflammatory, metabolic,fibrotic and cholestatic disease may comprise the administration of acomposition comprising at least two compounds of formula (I). In thisembodiment, the administered component (ii) is provided in the samecomposition as the at least two compounds of formula (I), or in aseparate form, such as in a different composition.

In another embodiment, the combination of the invention is forsimultaneous, sequential or separate administration in therapy,therefore being possibly included in different compositions. In case ofsequential administration, the compound of formula (I), in particularELA, may be administrated prior to component (ii), or component (ii) is(are) administrated prior to the compound of formula (I).

A compound of formula (I) may be formulated as pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, particularly acid or base salts compatible withpharmaceutical use. Salts of compounds of formula (I) includepharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, pharmaceuticallyacceptable base addition salts, pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts,ammonium and alkylated ammonium salts. These salts can be obtainedduring the final purification step of the compound or by incorporatingthe salt into the previously purified compound.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can alsocomprise one or several excipients or vehicles, acceptable within apharmaceutical context (e.g. saline solutions, physiological solutions,isotonic solutions, etc., compatible with pharmaceutical usage andwell-known by one of ordinary skill in the art).

These compositions can also comprise one or several agents or vehicleschosen among dispersants, solubilisers, stabilisers, preservatives, etc.Agents or vehicles useful for these formulations (liquid and/orinjectable and/or solid) are particularly methylcellulose,hydroxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polysorbate 80,mannitol, gelatin, lactose, vegetable oils, acacia, liposomes, etc.

These compositions can be formulated in the form of injectablesuspensions, gels, oils, ointments, pills, tablets, suppositories,powders, gel caps, capsules, aerosols, etc., eventually by means ofgalenic forms or devices assuring a prolonged and/or slow release. Forthis kind of formulation, agents such as cellulose, carbonates orstarches can be advantageously used.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprising acompound of formula (I) and one or more component(s) (ii) may beadministered by different routes and in different forms. For example,the compound(s) may be administered via a systemic way, per os,parenterally, by inhalation, by nasal spray, by nasal instillation, orby injection, such as for example intravenously, by intra-muscularroute, by subcutaneous route, by transdermal route, by topical route, byintra-arterial route, etc.

Of course, the route of administration will be adapted to the form ofthe compounds to be administered, according to procedures well known bythose skilled in the art.

Components (i) and (ii) of the combination product of the invention areadministered in a therapeutically effective amount. Within the contextof the invention, the term “effective amount” refers to an amount of thecompound sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic result.

The frequency and/or dose relative to the administration can be adaptedby one of ordinary skill in the art, in function of the patient, thepathology, the form of administration, etc. Typically, the combination(such as in the form of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit-of-parts)of the present invention can be administered for the treatment of afibrotic disease at a dose for component (i) or component (ii),comprised between 0.01 mg/day to 4000 mg/day, such as from 50 mg/day to2000 mg/day, and particularly from 100 mg/day to 1000 mg/day.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, ELA is used in combinationwith component (ii) at a dose comprised between 80 to 120 mg/day forElafibranor.

In another preferred embodiment, the active ingredients are administeredas one or more pharmaceutical composition(s) in the form of a pill ortablet intended for an oral ingestion.

Administration can be performed daily or even several times per day, ifnecessary.

The invention is further described with reference to the following,non-limiting, examples.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Abbreviations used in the figures, in the tables, and in the text:

α-SMA α-Smooth Muscle Actin

AP-1 Activator Protein 1

ASBTi Apical Sodium-codependent Bile acid Transporter inhibitor

ASK1 Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1

AT1 Angiotensin II receptor type 1

CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid

COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

CTGF Connective Tissue Growth Factor

CVC Cenicriviroc

DGAT DiacylGlycerol-O-AcylTransferase

DMSO DiMethyl SulfOxide

DPP4 DiPeptidyl Peptidase 4

ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay

EOB Excess Over Bliss

EOBHSA Excess Over Bliss Highest Single Agent

FABAC Fatty Acid Bile Acid Conjugate

FBS Fetal Bovine Serum

FGF Fibroblast Growth Factor

FXR Famesoid X Receptor

GDF Growth Differentiation Factor

GLP-1 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1

GPCR G-Protein Coupled Receptor

HBV Hepatitis B Virus

HCV Hepatitis C Virus

15-HEPE 5-HydroxyEicosaPentaEnoic acid

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HSC Hepatic Stellate Cell

IC50 half maximal Inhibitory Concentration

iNOS inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

IPF Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

LO LipOxygenase

LPS LipoPolySaccharide

LT LeukoTriene

MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

MMP-9 Matrix Metalloproteinase 9

MMPase Matrix Metalloproteinase

NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide PHosphate

NAFLD Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

NASH Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis

NF-κB Nuclear Factor-kappa B

NOX NADPH oxidase

NSAIDs Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

PAR Protease-Activated Receptor

PBC Primary Biliary Cholangitis

PBS Phosphate-Buffered Saline

PDE PhosphoDiEsterase

PDGF Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

PFIC3 Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis type 3

PFOR Pyruvate:Ferredoxin OxidoReductase

PPAR Peroxisome Proliferator Activated-Receptor

PPRE PPAR Response Elements

PSC Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

ROCK Rho-associated protein kinase

RTK Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

SGLT Sodium-GLucose transport

STAT Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription

TGFβ Transforming Growth Factor β

TGFBRI TGFβ receptors type I

TGFBRII TGFβ receptors type II

THBS1 Thrombospondin 1

THR β Thyroid Hormone Receptor 3

TIMP Tissue Inhibitor of MetalloProteinase 1

TLR-4 Toll Like Receptor 4

VAP-1 Vascular Adhesion Protein-1

VDR Vitamin D Receptor

FIG. 1: Effect of the combination of 1 mg/kg/day of ELA and 10 mg/kg/dayof OCA on the measure of fibrotic surface.

FIG. 2: Effect of the combination of 3 mg/kg/day of ELA and 10 mg/kg/dayof OCA on the measure of fibrotic surface.

FIG. 3: Effect of the combination of 1 mg/kg/day of ELA and 10 mg/kg/dayof OCA on hepatic collagen.

FIG. 4: Effect of the combination of 3 mg/kg/day of ELA and 10 mg/kg/dayof OCA on hepatic collagen.

FIG. 5: effect of the combination of 3 mg/kg/day of ELA and 10 mg/kg/dayof OCA on fibrosis markers.

FIG. 6: Differential antifibrotic effect of Elafibranor versusCenicriviroc, and Bezafibrate in TGFb-induced hHSC

Serum-deprived HSC were preincubated for 1 hour with Elafibranor (A),Cenicriviroc (B), or Bezafibrate (PPAR pan α/γ/δ) before the activationwith the profibrogenic cytokine TGFβ1 (1 ng/ml).

After 48 hours of incubation, the expression of α-SMA was measured byELISA.

The obtained values were transformed into percentage inhibition overTGFβ1 control. Data are presented as mean (triplicates)±standarddeviation (SD). Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVAfollowed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests, using Sigma Plot 11.0 software.[*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001 (comparison versus TGFβ1 1 ng/mLgroup)]. The curve fitting and the calculation of half maximalinhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) were performed with XLFit software5.3.1.3.

FIG. 7: Combination of Elafibranor with Cenicriviroc synergisticallyinhibits α-SMA in TGFβ1-induced hHSC

Combinations were tested in a dose-response matrix format and analyzedaccording to the excess over Bliss (EOB) additivism model.

Dilution series of Elafibranor (row) and Cenicriviroc (column) wereprepared, including their respective DMSO controls.

The resulting mixes were added to serum-deprived HSC, 1 hour prior tothe activation with the profibrogenic cytokine TGFβ1 (1 ng/ml).

(A) Percentage of α-SMA inhibition over the TGFβ1 control for allcombination pairs. Data are presented as mean of quadruplicates.

(B) EOB scores were calculated as described in Materials and Methods.Any compound pair with EOB values>10 was considered synergistic (coloredfrom light grey to black). The total EOB score including allcombinations was also calculated.

(C) Data values derived from a synergistic combination pair were plottedin a bar graph representation. Data are presented as mean(quadruplicates)±standard deviation (SD). Statistical analyses wereperformed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests, usingSigma Plot 11.0 software. [*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001(comparison versus ‘product combination’ group)].

FIG. 8: Bezafibrate does not synergize with Cenicriviroc to reducefibrosis in TGFβ1-induced hHSC

Combinations were tested in a dose-response matrix format and analyzedaccording to the excess over Bliss additivism model.

Dilution series of Bezafibrate (row) and Cenicriviroc (column) wereprepared, including their respective DMSO controls. The resulting mixeswere added to serum-deprived HSC, 1 hour prior to the activation withthe profibrogenic cytokine TGFβ1 (1 ng/ml).

(A) Percentage inhibition of α-SMA over the TGFβ1 control.

(B) Excess over Bliss (EOB) scores were calculated as described inMaterials and Methods.

Any compound pair with EOB values>10 was considered synergistic (coloredfrom light grey to black). The total EOB score including allcombinations was also calculated.

FIG. 9: Combinations of elafibranor with MSDC-0602, PXS-4728A,Apararenone, CF-102, Vismodegib, PBI-4050, KD-025, DUR-928, VK-2809, andEmricasan synergistically inhibit α-SMA in TGFβ1-induced hHSC

Combinations were tested in a dose-response matrix format and analyzedaccording to the Excess Over Bliss (EOB) additivism model. Percentagesof α-SMA inhibition over the TGFβ1 control were plotted in a bar graphrepresentation for representative synergistic combinations. Data arepresented as mean (quadruplicates)±standard deviation (SD). *: p<0.05;**: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001 using One-way ANOVA and Fisher's LeastSignificant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test. MSDC=MSDC-0602,

FIG. 10: Combinations of elafibranor with CP-640186, GS-0976 or JKB-121(Nalmefene) synergistically inhibit collagen production in livermicrotissues

Microtissues were treated with a metabolic induction of NASH stimuluswith or without elafibranor alone (white bar), compound (ii) alone(black bar) or a combination of both (grey bar). Combinations weretested in a dose-response matrix format and analyzed according to theExcess Over Bliss (EOB) additivism model. Percentages of inhibition overthe NASH stimulus control were plotted in a bar graph representation forrepresentative synergistic combinations. Data are presented as mean(triplicates)±standard deviation (SD). *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***:p<0.001 using One-way ANOVA and Fisher's Least Significant Difference(LSD) post-hoc test.

FIG. 11: Combination of elafibranor with gemcabene synergisticallyinhibits TNFα secretion in LPS-activated macrophages.

Combinations were tested in a dose-response matrix format and analyzedaccording to the Excess Over Bliss (EOB) additivism model. Percentagesof inhibition of TNFα secretion over the LPS control were plotted in abar graph representation for representative synergistic combinations.Data are presented as mean (quadruplicates)±standard deviation (SD). *:p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001 using One-way ANOVA and Fisher's LeastSignificant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test.

FIG. 12: Combinations of Elafibranor with CP640186, VK-2809, Apararenone(Apa) or Aramchol (Aram) synergistically inhibit fat accumulation inHepG2.

Combinations were tested in a dose-response matrix format and analyzedaccording to the Excess Over Bliss (EOB) additivism model. Percentagesof inhibition of fat accumulation over the FFA-treated control wereplotted in a bar graph representation for representative synergisticcombinations. Data are presented as mean (quadruplicates)±standarddeviation (SD). *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001 using One-way ANOVAand Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) post-hoc test.

FIG. 13: Combination of elafibranor with MGL-3196 synergisticallyinhibits fat accumulation in 3D Huh7 spheroid culture.

Spheroids were treated with a metabolic NASH stimulus with or withoutelafibranor alone (white bar), MGL3196 alone (grey bar) or a combinationof both (black bar). Measurement of lipid accumulation was performed asdescribed in material and methods. Standard deviations are shown aserror bars (n=3). Calculated EOB value is stated in the too left.Significant differences (*p<0.05; **p<0.01***; p<0.001) followingone-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's Least SignificantDifference (LSD) test.

FIG. 14: Elafibranor (GFT505, 3 mg/kg/day) and selonsertib (SEL, 30mg/kg/day) synergize to reduce fibrosis, tissue remodeling andinflammatory markers in mice with NASH (CDFF-fed mice).

(A) Percentage of fibrosis surface was assessed by morphometricquantification of picrosirius positive area relative to the liversection area.

(B) Hepatic collagen content.

(C) Plasma PIIINP concentration, surrogate markers of hepatic fibrosis.

(D) Plasma TIMP1 concentration, surrogate markers of hepatic fibrosis,Expression of Col1α1 (E), MMP2 (F), TGFβ1 (G) as markers of fibrosis andtissue remodeling, and TNFα (H) and CCR2 (I), markers of inflammation,was assessed by real time quantitative PCR.

Data are expressed as mean±SD. ¤p<0.05, ¤¤p<0.01, ¤¤¤p<0.001 usingone-tailed Student t-test with Welsh correction. HSA, Highest SingleAgent model.

FIG. 15: Elafibranor (GFT505, 1 or 3 mg/kg/day) and GKT-831 (GKT, 60mg/kg/day) synergize to reduce NASH and fibrosis in mice with NASH(CDFF-fed mice).

(A) Percentage of fibrosis surface was assessed by morphometricquantification of picrosidus positive area relative to the liver sectionarea.

(B) Histological evaluation of inflammatory foci on 10 microscope fieldareas (20×).

(C) NAFLD activity score, assessed by the calculation of the sum ofsteatosis, ballooning and lobular inflammation grades (minimum 0-maximum 8) according to the NASH Clinical Research Network (Kleiner2005, Brunt 1999).

Data are expressed as mean±SD. ¤p<0.05, ¤¤p<0.01, ¤¤¤p<0.001 usingone-tailed Student t-test with Welsh correction. $ p<0.05, $$ p<0.01,$$$ p<0.001 using one-tailed Mann-Whitney U (non-parametric) test. HSA,Highest Single Agent model.

FIG. 16: Elafibranor (GFT505, 1 mg/kg/day) and GS-0976 (GS, 30mg/kg/day) synergize to reduce steatosis and body weight in mice withNASH (CDFF-fed mice).

(A) Steatosis grade, assessed by histological examination according tothe NASH Clinical Research Network guidelines.

(B) Hepatic triglyceride content.

(C) Body weight loss after 8 weeks of treatment compared to thecontrols.

Data are expressed as mean±SD. ¤p<0.05, ¤¤p<0.01, ¤¤¤p<0.001 usingone-tailed Student t-test with Welsh correction. HSA, Highest SingleAgent model.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Combination Therapy Study Design

Materials and Methods

Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Fluka cat #41640).

1. Illustration in the Model of TGF B1-Induced hHSC

hHSC Culture

The human primary hepatic stellate cells (hHSC) (Innoprot) were culturedin STeCM medium (ScienCell cat #5301) that was supplemented with 2%fetal bovine serum (FBS, ScienCell cat #0010), 1%penicillin/streptomycin (ScienCell cat #0503) and stellate cell growthsupplement (SteCGS; ScienCell cat #5352). Cell culture flasks werecoated with Poly-L Lysine (Sigma cat # P4707) for a better adherence.

Preparation of Compositions

2 Components Combination Matrix

For these experiments, a checkerboard matrix was generated. ELA andcomponent (ii) stocks were serially diluted in DMSO in 5-points seriesin a row (ELA) and a 11-points series in a column (component (ii)) of a96-well plate. Subsequently, the 5×11 combination matrix was generatedby 1:1 mixing of all single agent concentrations. The testconcentrations for each compound were chosen based on the respectiveIC₅₀ of each compound as single agent obtained by measuring α-SMAcontent in the HSC model stimulated with TGF-31.

Activation of hHSC with TGF-β1 and Compound Treatment

The human primary hepatic stellate cells (hHSC) (Innoprot) were culturedunder standard conditions, as described above. The cells weresubsequently plated at a density of 2×10′ cells/well into 96-well platesfor the measure of α-SMA by ELISA. The next day, cell-culture medium wasremoved, and cells were washed with PBS (Invitrogen cat #14190). hHSCwere deprived for 24 hours in serum-free and SteCGS-free medium. For thetreatments with ELA, component (ii) and the respective ELA/component(ii) combinations, the serum-deprived hHSC were preincubated for 1 hourwith the compounds followed by addition of the profibrogenic stimuliTGF-β1 (PeproTech cat #100-21, 1 ng/mL) in serum-free and SteCGS-freemedium for an additional 48 hour period.

α-SMA ELISA

The level of α-SMA was measured using a Sandwich ELISA. Briefly, thewells of an ELISA plate were first coated with the capture antibody(mouse monoclonal anti-ACTA2, Abnova) at 4° C. overnight. After 3 washesin PBS+0.2% Tween 20, a blocking solution consisting of PBS+0.2% BSA wasadded for one hour followed by another washing cycle. The cell lysateswere transferred into the wells for binding to the capture antibody fora period of 2 h at room temperature. After the washing procedure, thedetection antibody (biotinylated mouse monoclonal anti-ACTA2, Abnova)was added for 2 hours at room temperature followed by 3 washes. For thedetection, an HRP-conjugated Streptavidin (R&D Systems cat # DY998) wasfirst applied for 30 min at room temperature. After washing, the HRPsubstrate TMB (BD,#555214) was added and incubated for 7 min at roomtemperature in the dark. Upon oxidation, TMB forms a water-soluble bluereaction product that becomes yellow with addition of sulfuric acid(solution stop), enabling accurate measurement of the intensity at 450nm using a spectrophotometer. The developed color is directlyproportional to the amount of α-SMA present in the lysate.

2. Illustration in the Model of HSC Activation in 3D Human LiverMicrotissue

3D Human Liver Microtissue Culture

Cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (IPHH_11) and cryopreservedprimary human non parenchymal cells (NPCs, IPHN_11) were obtained fromBioreclamationIVT. The cryopreserved human primary hepatic stellatecells (hHSC) were obtained from Innoprot. 3D InSight™ Human LiverMicrotissues (MT-02-302-95; InSphero AG) were produced with the IPHH_11,the IPHN_11 and the hHSC in a 96-well hanging-drop culture platform(Gravity PLUS™). After microtissues formation, they were transferredinto a microtissue-specific 96-well culture and assay platform (GravityTRAP™). Further maintenance and compound treatments were performed inGravity TRAP™ plates. After tissue formation, the 3D microtissues weremaintained in 3D InSight™ Human Liver Maintenance Medium-INF (hLiMMCS-07-001b-01; InSphero AG) at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 cellculture incubator for 4 days. Half of the culture medium was replenishedevery 2 days.

Preparation of Compositions: 2 Components Combination Matrix

For these experiments, a checkerboard matrix was generated. ELA andcomponent (ii) stocks were serially diluted in DMSO in 2-points seriesin a row (ELA) and a 3-points series in a column (component (ii)) of a96-well plate. Subsequently, the 2×3 combination matrix was generated by1:1 mixing of all single agent concentrations.

Metabolic Stimulation of 3D Insight™ Human Liver Microtissues andCompound treatment

3D InSight™ human liver microtissue (InSPhero) were cultured understandard conditions, as described above. Microtissues were then deprivedfor 24 hours in serum-free medium. For the treatments with ELA,component (ii) and the respective ELA/component (ii) combinations, theserum-deprived microtissues were treated with both a metabolic inductionof NASH stimulus and the compounds (Day 0) followed by the renewal ofmetabolic induction of NASH stimulus at Day 3 for an additional 3 daysperiod. The supernatants for the measurement of Col1α1 were harvested atDay 6.

Col1α1 ELISA

The level of Col1α1 was measured using a Sandwich ELISA. Briefly, thewells of an ELISA plate were first coated with the capture antibody(Mouse Anti-Human Pro-Collagen|α 1 Capture Antibody, “ElisaPro-Collagen|α1/COLIA1”, DuoSet ELISA, R&D, catalog N°: DY6220-05) at RTovernight. After 3 washes in PBS+0.05% Tween 20, a blocking solutionconsisting of PBS+1% BSA was added for one hour followed by anotherwashing cycle. The culture supernatants were transferred into the wellsfor binding to the capture antibody for a period of 2 h at roomtemperature. After the washing procedure, the detection antibody(Biotinylated Sheep Anti-Human Pro-Collagen|α1 Detection Antibody) wasadded for 2 hours at room temperature followed by 3 washes. For thedetection, an HRP-conjugated Streptavidin was first applied for 20 minat room temperature. After washing, the HRP substrate TMB (BD, #555214)was added and incubated for 20 min at room temperature in the dark. Uponoxidation, TMB forms a water-soluble blue reaction product that becomesyellow with addition of sulfuric acid (solution stop), enabling accuratemeasurement of the intensity at 450 nm using a spectrophotometer. Thedeveloped color is directly proportional to the amount of col1α1 presentin the supernatant.

3. Illustration in LPS-Activated Macrophages

Differenciation of THP-1 Monocytes into Macrophages

THP-1 monocytes (ECACC #88081201) were seeded at a density of 25550cells per well in 384-well plate in RPMI1640 (Gibco, 21875) supplementedwith 10% SVF and differentiated into macrophages using PMA (Phorbol12-myristate 13-acetate, Sigma, P8139) at the final concentration of 100ng/ml for 24 hours.

Preparation of Compositions: 2 Components Combination Matrix

For these experiments, a checkerboard matrix was generated. ELA andcomponent stocks were serially diluted in DMSO in 6-points series in acolumn (ELA) and a 10-points series in a raw (component) of a 96-wellplate for other compounds. Subsequently, the 6×10 combination matrix wasgenerated by 1:1 mixing of all single agent concentrations.

Compound Treatments and LPS Stimulation

After 24 hrs with PMA, medium was removed, and replaced by serum freeRPMI. For the treatments with ELA, component and the respectiveELA/component combinations, the serum-deprived THP-1 macrophages werepreincubated for 24 hours with the compounds followed by addition oflipopolysaccharide LPS (100 ng/ml, E. coli 055 B5, Sigma, L6529) for anadditional 6 hours period.

Human TNFα Quantification

Human TNFα is quantified in the supernantant using the Homeogenoeus TimeResolved Fluorescence (HTRF) technology (Cisbio 62HTNFAPEG), based onFRET technology. FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) is basedon the transfer of energy between two fluorophores, a donor and anacceptor, when in close proximity. Molecular interactions betweenbiomolecules can be assessed by coupling each partner with a fluorescentlabel and by detecting the level of energy transfer (665 nm). Cellsupernatant, sample or standard were dispensed directly into the assayplate for the detection by HTRF® reagents. The antibodies labeled withthe HTRF donor and acceptor were pre-mixed and added in a singledispensing step. Signal intensity is proportional to the number ofantigen-antibody complex formed and therefore to the TNFα concentration.Seven points standard curve (from 39 pg/ml to 2500 pg/ml with suppliedhuman TNFα) was obtained by fitting the data with the 4 ParameterLogistic model.

4. Illustration in Fat-Loaded Hepatocytes (HepG2)

HepG2 Culture

The human hepatocyte carcinoma were cultured in DMEM 4.5 g/L glucose(Gibco cat #31053 that was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS, Gibco cat #10270), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco cat #15140),1% MEM NEAA (Gibco cat #11140),1% L-Glutamine (Gibco cat #25030), and 1%Sodium Pyruvate (Gibco cat #11360).

Preparation of Compositions: 2 Components Combination Matrix

For these experiments, a checkerboard matrix was generated. ELA andcomponent stocks were serially diluted in DMSO in 5-points series in arow (ELA) and a 11-points series in a column (component) of a 384-wellplate. Subsequently, the 5×11 combination matrix was generated by 1:1mixing of all single agent concentrations.

Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Preparation

Oleic (#01383) and palmitic (P0500) acids were purchased at Sigma. FFAstock solutions (100 mM) were prepared in 0.1M NaOH at 80° C. Workingsolutions of 4.5 mM palmitate/10% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 9 mMoleate/10% BSA were prepared by complexing an appropriate volume ofstock solution to 10% BSA (FFA-free low endotoxin; Sigma-Aldrich,Bornem, Belgium) in a 55° C. water bath (15 min).

Fat Loading and Compound Treatment

HepG2 were plated at a density of 40000 cells/well into 384-well platesto assess lipid droplets content. The next day, cell-culture medium wasremoved, and cells were washed with PBS (Invitrogen cat #14190). HepG2were deprived for 24 hours in serum-free medium. For the treatments withELA, component and the respective ELA/component combinations, theserum-deprived HepG2 were pre-incubated for 24 hours with the compoundsfollowed by the addition of an oleic:palmitic acids mixture (2:1) with afinal concentration of 0.5 mM for an additional 24 hours period.

Intra-Cellular Lipid Droplets Measurement

To measure intracellular lipid droplets content, the cells were broughtto room temperature and washed with 40 μL PBS. Cells were incubated 30min at room temperature with 40 μL of diluted Adipored reagent (2.5 μLAdipored reagent per 200 μL PBS) (Lonza, Walkersville, Md.). Therelative fluorescence was measured (k excitation at 485 nm, k emissionat 580 nm) using a fluorescence spectrometer (Spark Tecan cat #30086376SN #1801002745). The analyses were performed in quadruplicate.

5. Illustration in 3D Huh7 Spheroid Culture

3D Huh7 Spheroid Culture

Cryopreserved Huh7 were purchased from ECACC. Cells were grown in ULAplates (Costar), William's medium (Sigma) containing 10% FBS (Gibco) at37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 cell culture incubator. Cells aggregatedand formed spheroids within 5 days.

Preparation of Compositions: 2 Components Combination Matrix

For these experiments, a checkerboard matrix was generated. ELA andcomponent (ii) stocks were serially diluted in DMSO in 2-points seriesin a row (ELA) and a 3-points series in a column (component (ii)) of a96-well plate. Subsequently, the 2×3 combination matrix was generated by1:1 mixing of all single agent concentrations.

Metabolic Stimulation of 3D Huh7 Spheroid Culture and Compound Treatment

3D Huh7 spheroids were cultured under standard conditions, as describedabove. They were then deprived for 24 hours in serum-free medium. Forthe treatments with ELA, component (ii) and the respective ELA/component(ii) combinations, the serum-deprived spheroids were treated with both ametabolic NASH stimulus and the compounds (Day 0) followed by therenewal of the metabolic NASH stimulus and the compounds at Day 4 for anadditional 3 days period. The spheroids were stained for lipidaccumulation at Day 7.

Lipids Staining & Quantification

Intracellular lipid accumulation was quantified using the AdipoRed™Assay Reagent (Lonza). Spheroids were subjected to fluorescence assayquantification at λexc: 485 nm and λem: 572 nm, using fluorescence platereader (TECAN).

Results and Discussion

The abnormal persistence of differentiated myofibrobiasts is acharacteristic of many fibrotic diseases. Following liver injury,quiescent HSCs undergo a process of activation that is characterized bya differentiation into (α-SMA)-positive myofibrobiasts. The PPAR agonistelafibranor has an antifibrotic activity in hHSC activated with theprofibrogenic cytokine TGFβ1 (FIG. 9). It is herein surprisingly shownthat combinations of MSDC-0602, PXS-4728, Apararenone, CF-102(Namodenoson), Vismodegib, PBI-4050, emricasan, DUR-928, VK-2809 orKD-025 with elafibranor synergistically inhibited α-SMA production byHSC (FIG. 9).

Since the liver is composed of different cell types (hepatocytes, immunecells, HSC . . . ) and as HSC activation can result from differentstimuli involving the other hepatic cells, a liver microtissue model wasalso employed to test combination treatments on fibrosis. Treatment witha metabolic NASH stimulus increased collagen production by themicrotissue. In this model, Elafibranor synergized with CP-640186,GS-0976 and Nalmefene to inhibit collagen production (FIG. 10).

Taken together these results show synergistic antifibrotic effects ofthe combinations of elafibranor with MSDC-0602, PXS-4728, Apararenone,CF-102 (Namodenoson), Vismodegib, PBI-4050, emricasan, DUR-928, VK-2809,KD-025, CP-640186, GS-0976 or Nalmefene (JKB-121).

Metabolic diseases such as NAFLD/NASH are associated with low-gradeinflammation. Activation of immune cells produces cytokines that alterthe metabolic functions of the liver and peripheral organs (adiposetissue, pancreas . . . ). Gut permeability, described in metabolic andhepatic diseases, results in increased circulating bacterial components(lipopolysaccharides or LPS) that activate macrophages in the liver andperipheral organs (adipose tissue). Since PPARs have anti-inflammatoryactivities, we investigated whether elafibranor and other compounds,could inhibit macrophage activation by LPS. In a model of THP1 monocytesdifferentiated into macrophages, LPS treatment activates macrophages, asmeasured by TNFα secretion. Elafibranor (1 μM) alone inhibited TNFα by21% (FIG. 11). Surprisingly, the combination of elafibranor withgemcabene potently inhibited TNFα secretion by 50% (FIG. 11). Therefore,this result shows the capacity of elafibranor to synergize with othercompounds to reduce the inflammatory tone observed in a number ofdiseases, including NASH and metabolic diseases.

NAFLD/NASH is characterized by primary fat accumulation in hepatocytes(steatosis), which induces lipotoxicity, leading to inflammation, celldeath, tissue remodeling and eventually fibrosis. As PPARα and PPARδ areknown to induce fat oxidation and inhibit de novo lipogenesis, we wantedto see whether elafibranor combined with other compounds could preventfat accumulation in hepatocytes. Therefore, HepG2 cells were treatedwith free fatty acid (FFA) to induce accumulation of lipid droplets. Inthis model, elafibranor (10 μM) alone reduced fat accumulation by 20%.Unexpectedly, the reduction reached 40% when elafibranor was combined toCP-640186, VK-2809, Apararenone or Aramchol (FIG. 12). A tridimentional(3D) vitro model of hepatocytes was also employed to address thisquestion, allowing a more physiological reproduction of the liverarchitecture. In this model, fat accumulation was obtained by treatmentwith a metabolic NASH stimulus. Elafibranor (3 μM) reduced fat contentby 12% (FIG. 13). Combination of elafibranor with MGL-3196 (1 μM)potently reduced hepatocyte lipid content by 28% (FIG. 13), showing asynergistic effect when both drugs were used together.

Taken together, these results show that elafibranor synergizes withCP-640186, VK-2809, Apararenone, Aramchol and MGL-3196, in particular toreduce steatosis.

In conclusion, these results show the capacity of elafibranor tosynergize with MSDC-0602, PXS-4728, Apararenone, CF-102 (Namodenoson),Vismodegib, PBI-4050, emricasan, DUR-928, KD-025, CP-640186, GS-0976,Nalmefene (JKB-121), VK-2809, MGL-3196, and Aramchol, in particular toreduce NAFLD.

Example 2: Combination of ELA and OCA

Materials and Methods

Evaluation of Elafibranor, OCA and the Combination Elafibranor+OCA in aChronic CDAA+1% Cholesterol Model (12 Weeks)

The preventive effects of Elafibranor alone, OCA alone and thecombination of both were assessed in a fibrosing NASH-model of rats feda CDAA+1% cholesterol diet. 150-175 g male Wistar rats were fed acontrol (CSAA) diet, CDAA+1% cholesterol diet, or CDAA+1% cholesteroldiet supplemented with Elafibranor 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day, OCA 10 and 30mg/kg/day or combined drugs (Elafibranor 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg/day combinedto OCA 10 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks.

The body weight and the food intake were monitored twice per week. Onthe last day of treatment, rats were sacrificed after a 6 h fastingperiod. The liver was rapidly excised for biochemical and histologicalstudies.

All animal procedures were performed according to standard protocols andin accordance with the standard recommendations for the proper care anduse of laboratory animals.

Histology

Tissue embedding and sectioning:

The liver slices were first fixed for 12 hours in formalin 4% solution.Then, the liver pieces were washed 30 minutes in PBS, and dehydrated inethanol solutions (successive baths at 70, 80, 95 and 100% ethanol). Theliver pieces were incubated in three different baths of Xylene(Sigma-Aldrich cat #534056), followed by two baths in liquid paraffin(56° C.). Liver pieces were then put into racks that were gently filledwith Histowax® to completely cover the tissue.

The paraffin blocks containing the tissue pieces were removed from theracks and stored at room temperature. The liver blocks were cut into 3μm slices.

Hematoxylin/Eosin Staining

Liver sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated and incubated for 3minutes in Mayer's Hematoxylin (Microm, cat # FIC0303). Then, the liversections were rinsed in water and incubated 1 minute in Eosin G (VWR,cat #1.09844.1000). Sections were rinsed in water then dehydrated, andmounted using the CV Mount medium (Leica, cat #14046430011).

Picrosirius Red Staining

Liver sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated and incubated for 15minutes in a solution of Fast Green FCF 0.1% (Sigma-Aldrich, cat #F7258) before rinsing in a bath of 0.5% acetic acid (Panreac, cat#131008.1611). Then, the liver sections were rinsed in water andincubated 30 minutes in a solution of 0.1% sirius red (Direct Red 80,Fluka cat #43665) in saturated aqueous picric acid (Sigma-Aldrich cat #P6744). Sections were then dehydrated, and mounted using the CV Mountmedium (Leica, cat #14046430011).

Histological Examinations

A technician blinded to the source of each liver specimen performedhistological examinations. Virtual slides were generated using thePannoramic 250 scanner from 3D Histech. For each animal, a scoresummarizing the main histological lesions of NASH was attributedaccording to the NASH Clinical Research Network (Kleiner 2005, Brunt1999). Briefly, steatosis, lobular inflammation and hepatocytesballooning were scored. The NAFLD Activity Score (NAS score) wasestablished for each individual as the unweighted sum of the steatosis(0-3), lobular inflammation (0-3) and the ballooning (0-2) injurygrading.

Using Quant Center software (3D Histech, including Pattern Quant andHisto Quant modules), collagen-stained areas were quantified. Briefly,Pattern Quant was used to detect the tissue and measure its surface.Then, Histo Quant was used to detect the stained collagen content andmeasure its surface, based on a color threshold method. The fibrosisarea was then expressed as the percentage of the collagen surface to thewhole tissue per animal.

Measurement of Hepatic Collagen Content

The hepatic collagen content was determined using the appropriateQuickZyme kit (Total collagen assay, cat # QZB-totcol2). The assay isbased on the detection of hydroxyproline, which is a non-proteinogenicamino acid mainly found in the triple helix of collagen. Thus,hydroxyproline in tissue hydrolysates can be used as a direct measure ofthe amount of collagen present in the tissue (without discriminationbetween procollagen, mature collagen and collagen degradation products).

Complete hydrolysis of tissue samples in 6M HCl at 95° C. is requiredbefore dosing the hydroxyproline. The assay results in the generation ofa chromogen with a maximum absorbance at 570 nm. Results are expressedas mg of collagen/g of liver.

Alpha 2 Macroglobuline (α2M)

The plasmatic concentration of α2M was determined using the Abcam kit(cat # ab157730), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly,the microplate is pre-coated with an antibody specific for rat a 2M.Standards, controls, and samples are then pipetted into the wells andany a 2M present in the plasma is bound by the immobilized antibody.After washing, a horseradish peroxidase labeled secondary antibody isadded to the wells. Following a wash, a substrate solution is added tothe wells. The enzyme reaction is stopped by adding the Stop Solution.The intensity of the color measured at 450 nm is proportional to theamount of α 2M bound in the initial step. The sample values are thendeduced from the standard curve. Results are expressed in ng/mL.

Procollagen III N-Terminal Propeptide (PIIINP)

The plasmatic concentration of PIIINP was determined using an ELISAassay from Cloud-Clone Corp (cat # SEA573Ra), according to themanufacturer's instructions. The microtiter plate is pre-coated with anantibody specific to PIIINP. Standards or samples are added to theappropriate microtiter plate wells with a biotin-conjugated antibodyspecific to PIIINP. Next, Avidin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase(HRP) is added to each microplate well and incubated. After TMBsubstrate solution is added, only those wells that contain PIIINP,biotin-conjugated antibody and enzyme-conjugated Avidin will exhibit achange in color. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by theaddition of sulphuric acid solution and the color change is measuredspectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm±10 nm. Theconcentration of PIIINP in the samples is then determined by comparingthe OD of the samples to the standard curve. Results are expressed inpg/mL.

Hepatic Gene Expression Analysis

Total RNA was isolated from rat livers using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen)following manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA were reversetranscribed into cDNA using M-MLV RT (Moloney Mudne Leukemia VirusReverse Transcriptase) (Invitrogen cat #28025) in 1×RT buffer(Invitrogen), 0.5 mM DTT (Invitrogen), 0.18 mM dNTPs (Promega), 200 ngpdN6 (Amersham) and 30 U of RNase inhibitor (Promega).

Quantitative PCR was then carried out using the CFX96 Touch™ Real-TimePCR Detection System (Biorad). Briefly, the PCR reactions were performedin 96-WP format in 25 μl of total volume containing 1 μL of reversetranscription reaction, 0.5 μL of reverse and forward primers (10 pmoleach), and 12.5 μl of 2×iQ SYBR Green Supermix (BioRad), using thefollowing primer sequences:

Gene Forward Reverse RPLP0 CATGCTCAACATCTCCCCCT GGGAAGGTGTAATCCGTCTCTCTCC CACAG (SEQ ID NO: 1) (SEQ ID NO: 2) αSMA ACTGGGACGACATGGAAAAGCATCTCCAGAGTCCAGCACA (ACTA2) (SEQ ID NO: 3) (SEQ ID NO: 4) TIMP1TCCCCAGAAATCATCGAGAC TCAGATTATGCCAGGGAACC (SEQ ID NO: 5) (SEQ ID NO: 6)TGFB1 TGAGTGGCTGTCTTTTGACG TGGGACTGATCCCATTGATT (SEQ ID NO: 7)(SEQ ID NO: 8) CCR5 CAGAACAGTCAACTTTGGGG ACGTGGAAAATGAGGACTGC(SEQ ID NO: 9) (SEQ ID NO: 10)

Expression levels were normalized using the expression of RPLP0 gene asa housekeeping gene of reference in samples. For each gene, the standardcurves were drawn by selecting the best points (at least three points)in order to have PCR reaction efficiency close to 100% and a correlationcoefficient close to 1. Expression levels were determined using thestandard curve equation for both the housekeeping gene and the targetgene (taking into account the specific PCR efficiency of each targetgene).

Results and Discussion

The results are reported in the following table and in FIGS. 1-5.

GFT505 OCA GFT505 + 3 mg/kg/d 10 mg/kg/d OCA Fibrosis surface  34% ±17%***  74% ± 45% 19% ± 4% # Hepatic collagen  45% ± 12%***  67% ± 23%**34% ± 5% # content αSMA mRNA level  66% ± 27% 109% ± 68% 39% ± 18% #TIMP1 mRNA level  78% ± 23% 110% ± 43% 46% ± 13% ## TGFβ1 mRNA level 94% ± 20% 110% ± 23% 67% ± 16% ## CCR5 mRNA level⁺ 103% ± 51%  81% ±28% 56% ± 17% # Percentage over the untreated CDAA + 1% cholesterol rats**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs CDAA + 1% cholesterol group (ANOVA +Bonferroni) # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs the best single agent (Studentt-test) (⁺marker of inflammation)

Western life style is invariably linked with high incidence rate ofnon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a chronic liver disease that oftenprogresses to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and may ultimately lead tohepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there is no approved therapy forNASH. Drug combinations directed simultaneously at multiple therapeutictargets have the potential to dramatically improve the drug response andto benefit the widest patient population. Drug combinations werepreviously tested in other systemic diseases, such as hypertension,dyslipidemia or type 2 diabetes and showed better control of theunderlying diseases and decreased the morbidity and the mortality. Inrecent phase 2B studies, both elafibranor (PPAR α/δ agonist) and OCA(FXR agonist) have shown efficacy on NASH and fibrosis endpoints. Wewanted to compare their action on relevant NASH pathology outcomes, andto look for therapeutic benefits of the combination.

To achieve this aim, NASH histology and fibrosis were induced by feedingWistar rats with a choline-deficient L-amino-acid-defined-diet that wassupplemented with cholesterol (CDAA/chol diet). Animals in theintervention groups, received either elafibranor or OCA or bothcompounds for the entire study period. NASH and fibrosis developmentwere evaluated by histology. Additional biochemical and molecularanalyses were also performed on different relevant biomarkers.

Wistar rats fed on the CDAA/chol diet developed NASH-related histologyand fibrosis with high penetration of severe disease. Advancedsteatosis, lobular inflammation and ballooning were present in allanimals and NAS score varied between 6 and 8. Hepatic histology(picrosirius positive area) and biochemistry (hepatic collagenconcentration) showed on average a fourfold increase in hepatic fibrosiscontent and fibrosis score was either 3 or 4 for all the animals on theCDAA/c diet that received no drug treatment. The expression of genesrelated to inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue remodeling andfibrosis was increased and consistent with gene signatures that werepreviously reported in NASH patients with severe disease.

Elafibranor and OCA administration alone resulted in a very significantattenuation of fibrosis development. Similar efficacy on fibrosis wasobserved in animals that received both compounds, although atsignificantly lower doses. Hepatocyte damage, as judged by ballooning,was prevented or attenuated by elafibranor, in a dose-dependent manner.Instead, OCA has only showed partial ballooning attenuation at the dosesthat were used in this study. Lobular inflammation was attenuated byelafibranor in a dose-dependent manner and to a lesser extent with OCA.Finally, the administration of either drug candidate alone has partiallyattenuated the increase of tissue remodeling, inflammation and oxidativestress markers and the combination of both compounds was more efficientas compared to any single agent.

Therefore, it is herein shown that the synergistic action of elafibranorand OCA on liver fibrosis in the CDAA/c diet-induced NASH model produceda comparable therapeutic benefit at significantly lower doses of bothdrug candidates, as compared to any single agent. From this study, it iscredibly expected that doses of both drug candidates can be lowered by afactor of at least 1.5, 2, 2.5 or even at least 3 to obtain the resultssimilar to the initial dose of each compound used individually. Inaddition, elafibranor showed a clear protective effect on liver damage.The effects of the OCA on ballooning and lobular inflammation wererather modest in this model. From this study, it can be concluded thatElafibranor/OCA combination would benefit a wider patient population andthe associated therapeutic dose reduction would decrease the incidenceof adverse drug effects.

Example 3: Combination of ELA and CVC

Materials and Methods

Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Fluka cat #41640).CVC was obtained commercially from CLINISCIENCES (R6f: A13643-10, Batchnumber: 497223-25-3) Bezafibrate was synthesized at Genfit.

hHSC Culture

The human primary hepatic stellate cells (hHSC) (Innoprot) were culturedin STeCM medium (ScienCell cat #5301) that was supplemented with 2%fetal bovine serum (FBS, ScienCell cat #0010), 1%penicillin/streptomycin (ScienCell cat #0503) and stellate cell growthsupplement (SteCGS; ScienCell cat #5352). Cell-culture flasks werecoated with Poly-L Lysine (Sigma cat # P4707) for a better adherence.

Preparation of Compositions

2 Components Combination Matrix (Elafibranor/CVC)

For these experiments, a checkerboard matrix was generated. CVC andElafibranor stocks were serially diluted in DMSO in a 5-points series ina row (Elafibranor) and a 6-points series in a column (Cenicriviroc) ofa 96-well plate. Subsequently, the 6×7 combination matrix was generatedby 1:1 mixing of all single agent concentrations. The testconcentrations for each compound were chosen based on the respectiveIC₅₀ of each compound as single agent obtained by measuring α-SMAcontent in the HSC model stimulated with TGF-β1.

Activation of hHSC with TGF-β1 and Compound Treatment

The human primary hepatic stellate cells (hHSC) (Innoprot) were culturedunder standard conditions, as described above The cells weresubsequently plated at a density of 2×10⁴ cells/well into 96-well platesfor the measure of α-SMA by ELISA.

The next day, cell-culture medium was removed, and cells were washedwith PBS (Invitrogen cat #14190). hHSC were deprived for 24 hours inserum-free and SteCGS-free medium. For the treatments with CVC,Elafibranor, Bezafibrate and the pairwise combinations ofCVC/Elafibranor and CVC/Bezafibrate, the serum-deprived hHSC werepreincubated for 1 hour with the compounds followed by addition of theprofibrogenic stimuli TGF-β1 (PeproTech cat #100-21, 1 ng/mL) inserum-free and SteCGS-free medium for an additional 48 hour period.

β-SMA ELISA

The level of α-SMA was measured using a Sandwich ELISA. Briefly, thewells of an ELISA plate were first coated with the capture antibody(mouse monoclonal anti-ACTA2, Abnova) at 4° C. overnight. After 3 washesin PBS+0.2% Tween 20, a blocking solution consisting of PBS+0.2% BSA wasadded for one hour followed by another washing cycle. The cell lysateswere transferred into the wells for binding to the capture antibody fora period of 2 h at room temperature. After the washing procedure, thedetection antibody (biotinylated mouse monoclonal anti-ACTA2, Abnova)was added for 2 hours at room temperature followed by 3 washes. For thedetection, an HRP-conjugated Streptavidin (R&D Systems cat # DY998) wasfirst applied for 30 min at room temperature. After washing, the HRPsubstrate TMB (BD, #555214) was added and incubated for 7 min at roomtemperature in the dark. Upon oxidation, TMB forms a water-soluble bluereaction product that becomes yellow with addition of sulfuric acid(solution stop), enabling accurate measurement of the intensity at 450nm using a spectrophotometer. The developed color is directlyproportional to the amount of α-SMA present in the lysate.

Determination of Synergism by Excess Over Bliss (EOB) Method

The values obtained in the α-SMA ELISA assays were first transformedinto percentage inhibitions over TGF-β1 control. Then, using thesepercentage inhibitions, EOB (Excess Over Bliss) was determined to definethe synergistic effects of drug combinations. Expected Bliss additivismscore (E) was firstly determined by the equation:

E=(A+B)−(A×B) where A and B are the percentage inhibition of Elafibranor(A) (or Bezafibrate) and Cenicriviroc (B) at a given dose. Thedifference between the Bliss expectation and the observed inhibition ofthe combined CVC/Elafibranor (or Bezafibrate) at the same dose is the‘Excess over Bliss’ score.

-   -   Excess over Bliss score=0 indicates that the combination        treatment is additive (as expected for independent pathway        effects);    -   Excess over Bliss score>0 indicates activity greater than        additive (synergy); and    -   Excess over Bliss score<0 indicates the combination is less than        additive (antagonism).

For the combinations Elafibranor+CVC and Bezafibrate+CVC, an additionaltotal Bliss score was calculated by summation of all EOB.

To validate the synergism, the experimental values corresponding to topEOB score for CVC/Elafibranor combination were plotted in a bar graph.

The significance of the observed differences between CVC/Elafibranor orCVC/Bezafibrate over the highest single agent was determined by astudent's t-test.[*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001]

Results and Conclusions:

The abnormal persistence of differentiated myofibroblasts is acharacteristic of many fibrotic diseases.

Following liver injury, quiescent HSCs undergo a process of activationthat is characterized by a differentiation into (α-SMA)-positivemyofibroblasts.

The PPAR agonist Elafibranor reveals an antifibrotic activity in hHSCactivated with the profibrogenic cytokine TGFβ1. The α-SMA marker wasreduced by 80% with an IC₅₀ of 3.17 μM (FIG. 6A). However, other PPARagonists like bezafibrate showed a weak antifibrotic profile (FIG. 6C),suggesting that PPAR agonists are not equivalent regarding theirantifibrotic properties. CVC alone did not show a significant effect atall doses in TGFβ-activated HSC (FIG. 6B). In order to evaluate if acombination of Elafibranor with CVC could reduce fibrosis in asynergistic manner, combination matrix experiments were performed inTGFβ-induced HSCs. Briefly, CVC and Elafibranor solutions were seriallydiluted in a checkerboard format generating a 42 combinations matrixcovering a large panel of Elafibranor/CVC ratios. Synergy was firstdetermined by calculating Excess Over Bliss scores. These experimentsrevealed that Elafibranor could synergize with CVC to reduce α-SMAproduction in activated HSCs (FIGS. 7A and 7B). One of the best exampleof synergy is shown in FIG. 7C with 5 μM of each compound. Although 5 μMof CVC alone does not show any antifibrotic activity, its addition to 5μM of Elafibranor could significantly increase in a synergistic mannerthe activity of Elafibranor and reached up to 60% of inhibition (incomparison to 40% with 5 μM of Elafibranor). In contrast, thecombination of CVC with bezafibrate revealed much lower EOB scores(FIGS. 8A and 8B) and none of the combinations gave statisticallysignificant results.

In conclusion, the applicant has discovered unexpected antifibroticactivities for a combination of a ELA and CVC. These results suggestthat a combination of a compound of Formula (I) with a CVC can besynergistic and can provide therapeutic benefits in multiple types ofdiseases such as fibrotic diseases.

Example 4: Combinations of Elafibranor with Selonsertib (SEL), GKT-831or GS-0976 (GS): Evaluation in a Mouse Fibrosing-NASH Model (8 Weeks)

The preventive effects of the combinations of elafibranor withselonsertib, GKT-831 or GS-0976 were assessed in mice fed acholine-deficient, I-amino acid-defined diet (CDAA) supplemented with 2%cholesterol, 30% milk fat diet and high fructose corn syrup 55 (55%fructose/45% glucose for a final concentration of 42 g/L) in drinkingwater (Mells et al J Nutr Biochem 2015) (CDFF diet). 5-6 weeks old maleC57Bl/6J mice were fed a control (CSAA) diet (n=4), CDFF (n=12), or CDFFsupplemented with elafibranor (1 or 3 mg/kg/day), selonsertib (30mg/kg/day), GKT-831 (60 mg/kg/day) or GS-0976 (10 mg/kg/day) alone or incombination (n=8 per group) for 8 weeks.

The body weight, the food and water intake were monitored twice perweek. On the last day of treatment, plasma samples were obtained fromretro-orbital blood sampling and mice were sacrificed after a 6h-fasting period. The liver was rapidly excised for biochemical andhistological analyses. All animal procedures were performed according tostandard protocols and in accordance with the standard recommendationsfor the proper care and use of laboratory animals.

Histology

Tissue Embedding and Sectioning

The liver slices were fixed in a formalin 4% solution. Then, the liverpieces were washed 30 minutes in PBS, and dehydrated in ethanolsolutions (successive baths at 70, 80, 95 and 100% ethanol). The liverpieces were incubated in three different baths of Xylene (Honeywell cat#534056), followed by two baths in liquid paraffin (59° C.). Liverpieces were then put into racks that were gently filled with Histowax®to completely cover the tissue.

The paraffin blocks containing the tissue pieces were removed from theracks and stored at room temperature. The liver blocks were cut into 3μm slices.

Hematoxylin/Eosin/Safranin Staining

Liver sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated and incubated for 3minutes in Mayer's Hematoxylin (Microm, cat # F/C0303). Then, the liversections were rinsed in water and incubated 1 minute in a Eosin Y 0.5%alcoholic (VWR, cat #1.02439.0500) and Erythrosin 0.5% solution (VWR,cat #1.15936.0010), and rinsed in with ethanol. Sections were thenincubated for 2 minutes in Safranin, and were eventually dehydrated andmounted using the CV Mount medium (Leica, cat #046430011).

Picrosirius Red Staining

Liver sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated and incubated for 15minutes in a solution of Fast Green FCF 0.1% (Sigma-Aldrich, cat #F7258) before rinsing in a bath of 0.5% acetic acid (Panreac, cat#131008.1611). Then, the liver sections were rinsed in water andincubated 30 minutes in a solution of 0.1% sirius red (Direct Red 80,Fluka cat #43665) in saturated aqueous picric acid (Sigma-Aldrich cat #P6744). Sections were then dehydrated, and mounted using the CV Mountmedium (Leica, cat #14046430011).

Histological Examinations

A technician blinded to the source of each liver specimen performedhistological examinations. Virtual slides were generated using thePannoramic 250 scanner from 3D Histech. For each animal, a scoresummarizing the main histological lesions of NASH was attributedaccording to the NASH Clinical Research Network (Kleiner 2005, Brunt1999). Briefly, steatosis, lobular inflammation and hepatocyteballooning were scored. The NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) was establishedfor each individual as the unweighted sum of the steatosis (0-3),lobular inflammation (0-3) and the ballooning (0-2) injury grading.

Using Quant Center software (3D Histech, including Pattern Quant andHisto Quant modules), collagen-stained areas were quantified. Briefly,Pattern Quant was used to detect the tissue and measure its surface.Then, Histo Quant was used to detect the stained collagen content andmeasure its surface, based on a color threshold method. The fibrosisarea was then expressed as the percentage of the collagen surface to thewhole tissue per animal.

Biochemical Analyses of the Livers

Measurement of Hepatic Collagen Content

The hepatic collagen content was determined using the appropriateQuickZyme kit (Total collagen assay, cat # QZB-totcol2). The assay isbased on the detection of hydroxyproline, which is a non-proteinogenicamino acid mainly found in the triple helix of collagen. Thus,hydroxyproline in tissue hydrolysates can be used as a direct measure ofthe amount of collagen present in the tissue (without discriminationbetween procollagen, mature collagen and collagen degradation products).

Complete hydrolysis of tissue samples in 6M HCl at 95° C. is requiredbefore dosing the hydroxyproline. The assay results in the generation ofa chromogen with a maximum absorbance at 570 nm. Results are expressedas mg of collagen/g of liver.

Measurement of Hepatic Triglyceride Content

Approximately 100 mg of frozen liver tissue were homogenized with atissue homogenizer (Precellys®24, Bertin Technologies, France) in 150 mMNaCl buffer, containing 15.4 mM NaN3. Lipid fractions in homogenateswere extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) followed bymeasurement of the triglycerides (Biolabo cat #80019).

Plasma Procollagen III N-Terminal Propeptide (PIIINP) Measurement

The plasmatic concentration of PIIINP was determined using an ELISAassay from Cloud-Clone Corp (cat # SEA573Mu), according to themanufacturer's instructions. The microtiter plate is pre-coated with anantibody specific to PIIINP. Standards or samples are added to theappropriate microtiter plate wells with a biotin-conjugated antibodyspecific to PIIINP. Next, Avidin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase(HRP) is added to each microplate well and incubated. After TMBsubstrate solution is added, only those wells that contain PIIINP,biotin-conjugated antibody and enzyme-conjugated Avidin will exhibit achange in color. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by theaddition of sulphuric acid solution and the color change is measuredspectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm±10 nm. Theconcentration of PIIINP in the samples is then determined by comparingthe OD of the samples to the standard curve. Results are expressed inpg/mL.

Plasma Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1)Measurement

The plasma TIMP-1 levels were measured using a quantitative sandwichELISA assay from R&D Systems (cat # MTM100) according to theexperimental protocol PRO_LIDO_000020. Briefly, a monoclonal antibodyspecific for mouse TIMP-1 has been pre-coated onto a microplate.Standards, control, and samples are pipetted into the wells and anymouse TIMP-1 present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After washingaway any unbound substances, an enzyme-linked polyclonal antibodyspecific for mouse TIMP-1 is added to the wells. Following a wash toremove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution isadded to the wells. The enzyme reaction yields a blue product that turnsyellow when the Stop Solution is added. The intensity of the colormeasured is in proportion to the amount of mouse TIMP-1 bound in theinitial step. The sample values are then calculated from the standardcurve. Results are expressed in pg/ml.

Hepatic Gene Expression Analysis

Total RNA was isolated from mouse livers using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen)following manufacturer's instructions. Total RNA were reversetranscribed into cDNA using M-MLV RT (Moloney Murine Leukemia VirusReverse Transcriptase) (Invitrogen cat #28025) in 1×RT buffer(Invitrogen), 0.5 mM DTT (Invitrogen), 0.18 mM dNTPs (Promega), 200 ngpdN6 (Amersham) and 30 U of RNase inhibitor (Promega).

Quantitative PCR was then carried out using the CFX96 Touch™ Real-TimePCR Detection System (Biorad). Briefly, the PCR reactions were performedin 96-WP format in 25 μl of total volume containing 1 μL of reversetranscription reaction, 0.5 μL of reverse and forward primers (10 pmoleach), and 12.5 μl of 2× iQ SYBR Green Supermix (BioRad), using thefollowing primer sequences:

Gene Forward Reverse GAPDH TATGACTCCACTCACGGCAA TCCACGACATACTCAGCACC(SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 12) Col1α1 AGGCGAACAAGGTGACAGAGGCCAGGAGAACCAGCAGAG (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 14) TGFβ1TTGCTTCAGCTCCACAGAGA TGGTTGTAGAGGGCAAGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 15)(SEQ ID NO: 16) CCR2 TAATATGTTACCTCAGTTCA TGCTCTTCAGCTTTTTACAG TCCACGGCCTATC (SEQ ID NO: 17) (SEQ ID NO: 18) MMP2 TCCCTAAGCTCATCGCAGACGCTTCCAAACTTCACGCTCT (SEQ ID NO: 19) (SEQ ID NO: 20) TNFαCGTGGAACTGGCAGAAGAGG AGACAGAAGAGCGTGGTGGC (SEQ ID NO: 21)(SEQ ID NO: 22)

Expression levels were normalized using the expression of GAPDH gene asa housekeeping gene of reference in samples. For each gene, the standardcurves were drawn by selecting the best points (at least three points)in order to have PCR reaction efficiency close to 100% and a correlationcoefficient close to 1. Expression levels were determined using thestandard curve equation for both the housekeeping gene and the targetgene (taking into account the specific PCR efficiency of each targetgene).

Results and Conclusions:

In recent clinical studies, elafibranor, selonsertib, GKT-831 andGS-0976 have shown efficacy on NASH and fibrosis endpoints. We wanted tocompare their action on relevant NASH pathology outcomes, and to lookfor therapeutic benefits of the combination. To achieve this aim, NASHwas induced by feeding C57Bl/6J mice with a choline-deficient L-aminoacid-defined diet supplemented with cholesterol and milk fat, and highfructose corn syrup in drinking water (CDFF diet). Animals in theintervention groups received either elafibranor, selonsertib, GKT-831 orGS-0976 alone or in combination with elafibranor, for the entire studyperiod. NASH development was evaluated by histology and biochemicalmeasurements and hepatic expression of genes involved in pathwaysrelevant for NASH pathology.

CDFF-fed mice developed NASH with high penetration of severe disease.Advanced steatosis and lobular inflammation were present in all animalsresulting in a high NAS score of 6 or 7 (FIG. 15-C). The expression ofgenes related to fibrogenesis, tissue remodeling and inflammation wasincreased and consistent with gene signatures that were previouslyreported in NASH patients with severe disease (FIG. 14-E-I).

In this model, elafibranor (3 mg/kg/day) improves NASH histology byreducing steatosis and hepatic lobular inflammation resulting in aglobal reduction of the NAFLD activity score (not shown). Elafibranoralso decreases the expression of genes related to inflammation, tissueremodeling and fibrogenesis (FIG. 14-E-I) resulting in marked reductionof hepatic fibrosis assessed by histology, hepatic collagen content andrelease of PIIINP and TIMP-1 in the blood (FIG. 14-A-D).

Selonsertib (30 mg/kg/day) alone improved hepatic fibrosis in thismodel, albeit to a minor extent than elafibranor (FIG. 14). Thecombination of elafibranor (3 mg/kg/day) and selonsertib (30 mg/kg/day)resulted in a synergistic beneficial effect on hepatic fibrosis(assessed by histology, hepatic collagen content and release of PIIINPand TIMP-1) as well as on hepatic expression of genes involved infibrogenesis, tissue remodeling and inflammation (FIG. 14).

GKT-831 (60 mg/kg/day) alone had no beneficial effect on NASH andfibrosis in this model. However, when combined to a suboptimal dose ofelafibranor (1 mg/kg/day), it reduced hepatic inflammatory infiltrates,the NAFLD activity score and fibrosis (FIG. 15).

Treatment with GS-0976 (30 mg/kg/day) had a mild beneficial effect onliver fat and body weight in this model (FIG. 16). However, thecombination with elafibranor at a suboptimal dose (1 mg/kg/day) led to asynergistic effect on whole body fat burning leading to 20% body weightloss and a spectacular decrease in liver steatosis and triglyceridecontent (FIG. 16).

In conclusion, we found synergistic effects between elafibranor andMSDC-0602, PXS-4728, MT-3995 (Apararenone), CF-102 (Namodenoson),Vismodegib, PBI-4050, Gemcabene, CP-640186, GS-0976, JKB-121(Nalmefene), VK-2809, MGL-3196, Aramchol, Emricasan, DUR-928(25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate), Selonsertib, KD-025, or GKT-831.

REFERENCES

-   Brunt E M et al, 1999, Am J Gastroenterol; 94(9):2467-74-   Kleiner D E et al, 2005, Hepatology; 41(6):1313-21

1-13. (canceled)
 14. A combination product comprising: (i) a compound offormula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof:

in which: Y1 represents a halogen, a Ra, or Ga—Ra group; A represents aCH—CH or a CH2-CH2 group; Y2 represents a Gb-Rb group; Ga and Gb,identical or different, represent an atom of oxygen or sulfur, Rarepresents a hydrogen atom, an unsubstituted (C1-C6)alkyl group, a(C6-C14)aryl group or a (C1-C6)alkyl group that is substituted by one ormore halogen atoms, a (C1-C6)alkoxy or a (C1-C6)alkylthio group,(C3-C14)cycloalkyl groups, (C3-C14)cycloalkylthio groups or heterocyclicgroups; Rb represents a (C1-C6)alkyl group substituted by at least a—COORc group, wherein Rc represents a hydrogen atom, or a (C1-C6)alkylgroup that is substituted or not by one or more halogen atoms,(C3-C14)cycloalkyl groups, or heterocyclic groups; and Y4 and Y5,identical or different, representing a (C1-C6)alkyl group that issubstituted or not by one or more halogen atoms, (C3-C14)cycloalkylgroups or heterocyclic groups. and (ii) an anti-NASH, anti-fibrotic oranti-cholestatic agent.
 15. The combination product according to claim14, wherein component (i) is elafibranor or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.
 16. The combination product according to claim14, wherein component (ii) is an Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1(ASK1) inhibitor, a dual NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and NADPH oxidase 4(NOX4) inhibitor, a vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) inhibitor, astearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors/fatty acid bile acid conjugate, aG-protein coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) antagonist/Free fatty acidreceptor 1 (FFAR1) agonist or immunomodulator, a mTOR modulator orinsulin sensitizer, a thyroid receptor β (THR β) agonist, a hedegehogsignaling pathway inhibitor, an adenosine A3 receptor agonist, analdosterone receptor antagonist, a Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4)antagonist, a caspase inhibitor, a Rho-associated protein kinase 2(ROCK2) inhibitor, or a nuclear receptor ligand.
 17. The combinationproduct according to claim 14, wherein component (ii) is Selonsertib,GKT-831, PXS-4728A, Aramchol, PBI-4050, MSDC-0602k, VK-2809, MGL-3196,Vismodegib, CF-102 (Namodenoson), MT-3995 (Apararenone), JKB-121(Nalmefene), emricasan, KD-025, and DUR-928 or pharmaceutical saltthereof.
 18. The combination product according to claim 14, whereincomponent (ii) is GKT-831, aramchol, SHP-625, emricasan, saroglitazar,IMM-124-E, GS-9674, NGM-282, A-4250, GR-MD-02, GS-4997, F-351,solithromycin, remogliflozin, BTT-1023, IVA-337 (Lanifibranor), JKB-121,KD-025, MSDC-0602, PBI-4050, PEG-FGF21, tipelukast, VK-2809, MGL-3196,GS-0976, pentasa, RG-125, volixibat, pioglitazone, semaglutide,GSK2330672, or MBX-8025.
 19. The combination product according to claim14, wherein the combination product is a composition comprisingcomponents (i) and (ii) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 20.The combination product according to claim 14, wherein the combinationproduct is a kit of parts comprising components (i) and (ii), forsequential, separate or simultaneous use.
 21. The combination productaccording to claim 14, wherein components (i) and (ii) are formulated inan injectable suspension, a gel, an oil, a pill, a tablet, asuppository, a powder, a capsule, an aerosol, an ointment, a cream, apatch, or means of galenic forms for a prolonged and/or slow release.22. A method for the treatment of a disease, comprising administering toa subject in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of thecombination product according to claim 14, said disease being aninflammatory, metabolic, fibrotic or cholestatic disease.
 23. The methodaccording to claim 22, wherein the fibrotic disorder is selected in thegroup consisting of liver, kidney, skin, epidermis, endodermis, muscle,tendon, cartilage, heart, pancreas, lung, uterus, nervous system,testis, penis, ovary, adrenal gland, artery, vein, colon, smallintestine, biliary tract, soft tissue, bone marrow, joint and stomachfibrosis, liver, gut, lung, heart, kidney, muscle, skin, soft tissue,bone marrow, intestinal, eye and joint fibrosis.
 24. The methodaccording to claim 22, wherein the disease is selected in the groupconsisting of metabolic liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), drug-inducedliver diseases, alcohol-induced liver diseases, infectious agent inducedliver diseases, inflammatory liver diseases, immune systemdysfunction-mediated liver diseases, dyslipidemia, cardiovasculardiseases, restenosis, syndrome X, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity,hypertension, chronic cholangiopathies, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis(PSC), Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC), biliary atresia, progressivefamilial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3), inflammatory boweldiseases, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, keloid, old myocardialinfarction, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, inflammatory diseases,neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, liver cancer, hepatocallularcarcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer, gastric cancer, meningiomaassociated with neurofibromatosis, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors,pancreatic exocrine tumors, leukemia, myeloproliferative/myelodisplasticdiseases, mastocytosis, dermatofibrosarcoma, solid tumors includingbreast, lung, thyroid or colorectal cancer, a prostate cancer, liverfibrosis or cirrhosis of any origin, metabolic disease-induced liverfibrosis or cirrhosis, NAFLD-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, NASH-inducedfibrosis or cirrhosis, alcohol-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,drug-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, infectious agent-induced liverfibrosis or cirrhosis, parasite infection-induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, bacterial infection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,viral infection-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, HBV-infection inducedliver fibrosis or cirrhosis, HCV-infection induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, dual HCVand HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, radiation- orchemotherapy-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, biliary tract fibrosis,liver fibrosis or cirrhosis due to any chronic cholestatic disease, gutfibrosis of any etiology, Crohn's disease-induced fibrosis, ulcerativecolitis-induced fibrosis, small intestine fibrosis, colon fibrosis,stomach fibrosis, skin fibrosis, epidermis fibrosis, endodermisfibrosis, skin fibrosis due to scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, lungfibrosis, lung fibrosis consecutive to chronic inflammatory airwaydiseases, COPD, asthma, emphysema, smoker's lung, tuberculosis,pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), heart fibrosis,kidney fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, muscle fibrosis, softtissue fibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, joint fibrosis, tendon fibrosis,cartilage fibrosis, pancreas fibrosis, uterus fibrosis, nervous systemfibrosis, testis fibrosis, ovary fibrosis, adrenal gland fibrosis,artery fibrosis, vein fibrosis, eye fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis,mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis,progressive massive fibrosis, proliferative fibrosis, neoplasticfibrosis, peri-implantational fibrosis and asbestosis, arthrofibrosis,adhesive capsulitis.
 25. The method according to claim 22, wherein thedisease is selected in the group consisting of, the disease is selectedin the group consisting of metabolic liver diseases, non-alcoholic fattyliver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),drug-induced liver diseases, alcohol-induced liver diseases, infectiousagent induced liver diseases, inflammatory liver diseases, immune systemdysfunction-mediated liver diseases, dyslipidemia, cardiovasculardiseases, restenosis, syndrome X, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity,hypertension, chronic cholangiopathies, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis(PSC), Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC), biliary atresia, progressivefamilial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3), inflammatory boweldiseases, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, liver cancer,hepatocallular carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer, gastric cancer,colorectal cancer, metabolic disease-induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, NAFLD-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, NASH-induced fibrosis orcirrhosis, alcohol-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, drug-inducedliver fibrosis or cirrhosis, infectious agent-induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, parasite infection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis,bacterial infection-induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, viralinfection-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, HBV-infection induced liverfibrosis or cirrhosis, HCV-infection induced liver fibrosis orcirrhosis, HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, dual HCVand HIV-infection induced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, radiation- orchemotherapy-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis, biliary tract fibrosis,liver fibrosis or cirrhosis due to any chronic cholestatic disease, gutfibrosis of any etiology, Crohn's disease-induced fibrosis, ulcerativecolitis-induced fibrosis, small intestine fibrosis, colon fibrosis,stomach fibrosis, lung fibrosis, lung fibrosis consecutive to chronicinflammatory airway diseases, COPD, asthma, emphysema, smoker's lung,tuberculosis, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).